UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 20-F

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Or

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019

Or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Or

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File No. 333-206723

P.V. NANO CELL LTD.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A

(Translation of the Registrant’s name into English)

State of Israel

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

8 Hamasger Street, Migdal Ha’Emek, Israel 2310102

(Address of principal executive offices)

Dr. Fernando de la Vega

Chief Executive Officer and Chairman

8 Hamasger Street

Migdal Ha’Emek, Israel 2310102

Tel: 972.4.654.6881

Fax: 972.4.654.6880

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

Ordinary Shares, nominal value NIS 0.01 per share

Indicate the number of outstanding ordinary shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 24,393,218 ordinary shares, nominal value NIS 0.01 per share, as of December 31, 2019.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐  No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐  No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such a shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☐  No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the Registrant has elected to follow: Item 17 ☐  Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐  No ☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS ANNUAL REPORT

All references to “we”, “us”, “our”, “the Company”, “PV Nano”, “our company” and “our Company”, in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, or our annual report, are to P.V. Nano Cell Ltd., unless the context otherwise requires. All references to “Group” in this annual report on Form 20-F, are to the Company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires. All references to “shares”, “ordinary shares” or “our ordinary shares” are to our ordinary shares, NIS 0.01 (approximately $0.003) nominal value per share. All references to “Israel” are to the State of Israel. “U.S. GAAP” means the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. Unless otherwise stated, all of our financial information presented in this annual report has been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Any discrepancies in any table between totals and sums of the amounts listed are due to rounding. Unless otherwise indicated, or the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report to financial and operational data for a particular year refer to the fiscal year of our company ended December 31 of that year.

Our reporting currency and financial currency is the U.S. dollar. In this annual report on Form 20-F, “NIS” means New Israeli Shekel, and “$,” “US$” and “U.S. dollars” mean United States dollars. Unless stated otherwise, the conversion rate between US$ to NIS used in this annual report on Form 20-F is 3.456, the conversion rate of the Bank of Israel as of December 31, 2019.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements, within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that involve risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this annual report on Form 20-F are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “will,” “would,” or the negative of these words or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

Any forward-looking statements in this annual report on Form 20-F reflect our current views with respect to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under “Item 3 D. — Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future.

This annual report on Form 20-F also contains estimates, projections, and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for our products, including data regarding the estimated size of those markets. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research, or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances reflected in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market, and other data from reports, research surveys, studies, and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry and general publications, government data and similar sources.

PART I

ITEM 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers.

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable.

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. Key Information.

A. Selected Financial Data.

SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, is derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. These audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The selected consolidated statement of operations data for years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, is derived from our previously published audited consolidated financial statements not included in this Form 20-F. The selected consolidated financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with and are qualified by reference to “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and other financial information included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Capital Requirements

We have a relatively limited operating history on which to assess our business, have incurred significant losses since our inception, and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.

We have a limited operating history. We have incurred net losses since our inception in 2009, including a net loss of approximately $4.0 million for the year ended on December 31, 2019 and an accumulated deficit of approximately $21.0 million as of December 31, 2019. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the issuance of equity instruments and convertible notes as well as through government grants. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of our future expenditures and our ability to generate significant revenues via commercialization of our products or technologies. We do not know whether or when we will become profitable. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on an ongoing basis. Our inability to achieve and then maintain profitability would negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our history of net losses has raised substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. If we do not continue as a going concern, investors could lose their entire investment.

We generated relatively limited revenues, which are not presently sufficient to sustain our operations. Our total revenues generated from sales were $478,520, $460,739 and $88,691 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. We have incurred net losses since our inception in 2009, including a net loss of approximately $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, and as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F we had limited cash resources.

Our history of net losses has raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, and as a result, our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph in its report on our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019 with respect to this uncertainty. We believe that we will need to raise significant additional funds before we have significant cash flow from operations. Accordingly, our ability to continue as a going concern will require us to seek alternative financing to fund our operations. The substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern could materially limit our ability to raise additional funds through the issuance of new debt or equity securities or otherwise. Future reports on our consolidated financial statements may include an explanatory paragraph with respect to our ability to continue as a going concern.

We will need significant additional capital, which we may be unable to obtain.

As of December 31, 2019, we had cash reserves of $34,382. As of December 31, 2020, we had sufficient cash to fund operations for approximately two (2) months if we do not raise additional capital. We will need to raise additional capital to continue our operations beyond such period, or earlier if we change our current strategy or operating plan. There can be no assurance that additional funds will be available when needed from any source or, if available, will be available on terms that are acceptable to us. We may be required to pursue sources of additional capital through various means, including debt or equity financings. Future financings through equity investments are likely to be dilutive to existing shareholders. Furthermore, the terms of securities we may issue in future capital transactions may be more favorable for our new investors. Newly issued securities may include preferences, superior voting rights, the issuance of warrants or other derivative securities, and the issuances of incentive awards under equity employee incentive plans, which may have additional dilutive effects. Further, we may incur substantial costs in pursuing future capital and/or financing, including finder fees, investment banking fees, legal fees, accounting fees, printing and distribution expenses and other costs. We may also be required to recognize non-cash expenses in connection with certain securities we may issue, such as convertible notes and warrants, which will adversely impact our financial condition. Our ability to obtain needed financing may be impaired by such factors as the capital markets and our history of losses, which could impact the availability or cost of future financings. If the amount of capital we are able to raise from financing activities, together with our revenues from operations, is not sufficient to satisfy our capital needs, even to the extent that we reduce our operations accordingly, we may be required to cease operations.

Risks Relating to COVID-19

The global COVID-19 pandemic may continue to negatively impact the global economy in a significant manner for a further extended period of time, and may also adversely affect our operating results in a material manner.

The coronavirus pandemic has created macro-economic uncertainty and disruption in the business and financial markets. Many countries around the world, including Israel, have been taking measures designated to limit the continued spread of the coronavirus, including closing workplaces, restricting travel, prohibiting assembling, closing international borders and quarantining populated areas. These measures have impacted, and may further impact, our workforce and operations, the operations of our customers and our partners, and those of our respective vendors and suppliers (including our subcontractors and third-party contract manufacturers). Our customers worldwide, as well as the end markets that we support have also been affected and may continue to be affected by coronavirus-related implications, and may recover at different rates. In addition, as the implementation of the above-mentioned measures extends, and as additional measures may be required in the event that the measures already taken prove to be insufficient or ineffective, we may face new and/or increasing concerns that may dramatically affect our ability to conduct our business effectively, including, but not limited to, adverse effect on employees’ health, a slowdown and stoppage of manufacturing, commerce, delivery, work, travel and other activities which are essential and critical for maintaining on-going business activities.

During 2020, due to COVID-19 constraints, we have had to adjust our working mode (mainly changing working hours and make sure the Company complies with the government guidelines which have included full and partial lockdowns). While our business grew in 2020, our growth has been limited (sales grew less than expected) due to slow down of our customers and partners, and also due to traveling constrains imposed by governments due to COVID-19. Two of our main customers have purchased inks and services from us much less than forecasted and expected. Our plans to upgrade our DemonJet printers, develop the inks and technologies to print passive components have been slowed down due to the reduction of activities of our partners in Europe and reduced available resources. We have placed one of our employees on unpaid leave and reduced the team by two team members. Furthermore, due to the influence of COVID-19 on the world economy, the price of silvers (our main raw material) have increased by almost 50% from January 2019 through December 2020. Given the continued uncertainty around the extent and timing of the future spread or mitigation of the coronavirus outbreak and around the imposition or relaxation of protective measures, we cannot reasonably estimate the impact to our future results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operational and financial performance, including our ability to execute our business strategies and initiatives in the expected time frame, will depend on future developments, including, but not limited to, the duration and continued spread of the pandemic, its severity, the actions to contain the disease or treat its impact, further related restrictions on travel, and the duration, timing and severity of the impact on customer spending, including any recession resulting from the pandemic, all of which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. An extended period of global supply chain and economic disruption as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, access to sources of liquidity and financial condition, though the full extent and duration is uncertain; infections may become more widespread and the limitation on our ability to work, travel and timely sell and distribute our products, as well as any closures or supply disruptions, may be extended for longer periods of time and to other locations, all of which would have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and operating results. In addition, as the scale and duration of these developments remain uncertain, they may have, or continue to have, macro and micro negative effects on the financial markets and global economy, which could result in an economic downturn that could affect demand for our products and have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial results, earnings, cash flow, financial condition and share price. These effects could be material and long-term in duration.

Since the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, we have been closely monitoring the developments and continually assessing the potential impact on our business. Below are some of the risks and challenges that we may face as a result of the continuation of the coronavirus pandemic for a further extended period of time:

Risks Related to Our Business

We have generated only minimal revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.

We have generated only minimal revenue in the past, from limited sales of our Sicrys™ inks. The contribution of our subsidiary Digiflex Ltd. or Digiflex, to our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 was limited to the sale of inks, foils and maintenance of the 45 printers sold since inception (two (2) printers were sold in the following year). Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends on our ability to successfully commercialize our Sicrys™ inks, Digiflex printers for the conducive and printed passive components market and future products and technologies. Our ability to generate revenues will also depend on (i) our ability to modify and bring to market Digiflex printers so we will be able to serve the electronics market and to use our Sicrys™ inks; and (ii) our ability to adapt Digiflex’s inks and/or develop additional inks to allow for the printing of full printed circuit boards, embedded passive components or PCBs. There is no assurance that we will be successful in any of these endeavors.

Our ability to generate future revenue from product sales depends heavily on our success in many areas, including but not limited to:

If our conductive inks and Digiflex printers fail to achieve and sustain sufficient market acceptance or if market penetration occurs more slowly than expected, our future revenues will be adversely affected.

Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to gain additional market acceptance of our Sicrys™ inks and Digiflex printers as a reliable and cost-saving alternative to existing production technologies. Compared to some competing technologies, our nano-metric conductive ink technology is relatively new, and most potential customers have limited knowledge of, or experience with, our conductive inks, may have substantial investments and know-how related to their existing printing technologies, and may perceive risks relating to the reliability, quality, usefulness and profitability of adopting our conductive inks when compared to other production technologies available in the market. Our potential customers may also need to devote significant time and effort to testing and validating our technology prior to its adoption. Any failure of our technology to meet our potential customer benchmarks could result in customers choosing to retain their existing technology or to purchase technologies other than ours. If we fail to achieve market acceptance of our conductive inks or if market penetration is slower than expected, then our opportunities to grow our revenues and reach profitability will be severely limited. In addition, our success depends on our ability to implement our Complete Solution Approach or End-to-End Approach (providing customers with the whole system of printers, process and inks), and gain market acceptance of Digiflex printers. There is no assurance that we will succeed in any of the foregoing.

Our ink products may not be compatible with all commercially available printers and printer heads.

Printer heads generally require compatible inks. An ink may be incompatible for use with a particular printer head for a number of reasons, including, without limitations, because the chemicals used in the ink are not compatible with the materials used in the manufacture of the printer head or because the physical properties of the ink (e.g., viscosity, surface tension, etc.) are not compatible with the printer head. As a result, there can be no assurance that our inks will be compatible with additional sufficient number of printer heads, to support wide scale sales of our inks for digital inkjet printing. Although we have successfully certified our ink with several manufacturers of commercially available printers and printer heads and we are in the process of certifying our ink products with additional manufacturers, if we are unable to certify our ink products with a sufficient number of such manufacturers our ability to widely market our ink products and to gain market penetration will be impaired and we may be unable to generate additional revenues.

Given our limited resources, there is no assurance that we will be able to enter into additional contracts or comply with our existing contracts.

We have several customers which have started to purchase recurring growing amounts of inks, including Dip Tech Ltd (with which we had an exclusive agreement which was terminated by us in 2020). There is no assurance that these customers will continue to purchase inks from us and that we will successfully enter into additional contracts. In addition, there is no assurance that we will be able to produce and supply all the ink required to satisfy all orders under our current or future supply contracts.

We currently have minimal marketing and sales capabilities. If we are unable to establish significant sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our products, we may be unable to generate significant revenue.

We have limited experience and capabilities in selling and marketing our conductive inks and our marketing and sales efforts are currently being led primarily by our chief executive officer and chief business development officer. In order to successfully commercialize our Sicrys™ inks or any other products, we will need to either further develop these capabilities on our own or by collaboration with third party distributors and sales agents with established sales and marketing operations and industry experience. We have entered into distribution and sales agreements with respect to the United States, Italy and Japan. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to enter into other agreements with such third-party distribution and sales agents agreements on terms acceptable to us, or at all, or that such distributors or sales agents will be successful in marketing our inks. If we are not successful entering into such agreement our results of operation may be adversely affected.

Our ability to grow our business successfully depends, among other things, on our ability to develop and implement our production and operating infrastructure in a way that would effectively support our growth in our target markets.

We manufacture our inks at our Migdal Ha’Emek facilities. We currently have capacity to produce an estimated two (2) tons of ink per year (three shifts work) and intend to upgrade our facilities (capital cost estimated at $500,000) to increase production capacity to 20 tons per year, if and when demand for our inks is projected to surpass our production capabilities.

Our future success requires among others that we have adequate capacity in our manufacturing facilities to manufacture the quantities of products to support our current sales level and the anticipated increased levels that may result from our growth. There can be no assurance as to the timing or our ability to achieve planned, needed, or desired manufacturing capacity levels. We believe that the capacity of our current manufacturing facilities is sufficient to meet anticipated demand for our products through the end of 2021. If the demand for our conductive inks does not increase, we may have significant excess manufacturing capacity and under-absorption of our fixed costs, which could in turn adversely affect our gross margins. In the event that demand for our inks outgrows our internal manufacturing capacity, we intend to engage third-party manufacturers to produce additional inks. There can be no assurance that we will be able to enter into agreements with such manufacturers on terms acceptable to us, or at all, or that, once contracted, such manufacturers will perform as expected. If we are not successful entering into such agreement our results of operation may be adversely affected.

We are subject to a multitude of manufacturing risks, any of which could substantially increase our costs and limit supply of our products and technologies.

We currently only have one operating manufacturing line. The process of manufacturing our products and technologies is complex and subject to several risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to availability and prices of the raw materials (including silver in particular) necessary for production of our inks, and any major malfunctions in our manufacturing line. Any adverse developments affecting manufacturing operations for our products and technologies may result in shipment delays, inventory shortages, lot failures, withdrawals or recalls, or other interruptions in the supply of our products and technologies. We may also have to take inventory write-offs and incur other charges and expenses for products and technologies that fail to meet specifications, undertake costly remediation efforts, or seek more costly manufacturing alternatives.

We are subject to risks resulting from fluctuations in the price of silver.

The manufacturing process for our silver-based inks utilizes a silver salt, the price of which is linked to the price of silver. The price of silver is affected by numerous factors beyond our control, including inflation, fluctuation of the United States dollar and foreign currencies, global and regional demand, speculative activities by commodities traders and others and the political and economic conditions of major silver producing countries throughout the world, and recently affected by the COVID-19 influence on the world economic environment. The volatility of mineral prices represents a substantial risk which no amount of planning or technical expertise can fully eliminate. In the event silver prices increase and remain high for prolonged periods of time, we may not be able to produce silver-based inks at a price which is cost effective for manufacturers of printed electronics. Furthermore, if the price of silver decreases substantially and remains low for prolonged periods of time, the value proposition that we believe is offered by our copper-based nano-metric ink may be substantially decreased, since a low price of the silver used in their manufacturing processes reduces the incentive for manufacturers of electronic devices to replace silver with another metal, such as copper. Any of the foregoing would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

We are subject to risks resulting from fluctuations in the price of some raw materials.

The manufacturing process for our silver-based inks utilizes a range of raw materials, the prices of which are affected by numerous factors beyond our control, including inflation, fluctuation of the United States dollar and foreign currencies, global and regional demand, and recently affected by the COVID-19 influence on the world economic environment. In the event raw materials prices increase and remain high for prolonged periods of time, we may not be able to produce silver-based inks at a price which is cost effective for manufacturers of printed electronics.

We face competition in the markets in which we operate and the possibility that our competitors may develop products that are similar to, more advanced than, or more effective than ours, which may adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to successfully commercialize our products and technologies.

We are currently aware of various existing products in the market and in development that may compete with our products and technologies, directly and indirectly. To our knowledge, other companies are currently developing and selling silver-based inkjet inks for printed electronics, or PE, digital electronic inkjet printing applications. To our knowledge and feedbacks received from customers most of these products in the market are not suitable and compatible for mass production applications as our inks. There can be no assurance that this knowledge is complete and/or if complete that it will continue to be like this in the future.

We are aware of several companies seeking to develop copper-based inks for printing, however, to our knowledge, none of our competitors has copper-based low viscosity inks in mass production and at a commercially viable price and quantity to be used in digital printing, and some are using copper oxide as a precursor in their inks instead of copper. Copper precursors are less effective for thick patterns and high throughput. To our knowledge, we are the only company offering as much as a 50% copper inkjet low viscosity ink, although we are not yet in mass production. As, to our knowledge, no one has proven our strategy to be effective, there is no assurance that we will be successful and the utilization of 50% copper inkjet ink may not prevail.

Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. Mergers and acquisitions in the conductive ink industry may result in even more resources being concentrated in our competitors. As a result, these companies may be more effective in selling and marketing their products. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large, established companies. Competition may increase further as a result of advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in this industry. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring, or licensing on an exclusive basis, products that are more effective or less costly than our current or future products or technologies, or achieve earlier patent protection, product commercialization, and market penetration than we do. Additionally, technologies developed by our competitors may render our potential products and technologies uneconomical or obsolete, and we may not be successful in marketing our products and technologies against competitors.

We may not be successful in our efforts to identify, license, or discover additional products and technologies.

Although we intend to focus a substantial amount of our research and development efforts on the continued development and commercialization of our existing products and technologies, the success of our business also depends upon our ability to identify, license, or discover additional products and technologies. Given our limited resources it would be difficult to license or otherwise begin development of additional products. Our research programs or licensing efforts may fail to yield additional products and technologies for development for a number of reasons, including but not limited to the following:

If any of these events occurs, we may be forced to abandon our development efforts for a program or programs, or we may not be able to identify, license, or discover additional products and technologies, which would have a material adverse effect on our business. Research programs to identify new products and technologies require substantial technical, financial, and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or products and technologies that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful.

International expansion of our business exposes us to business, regulatory, political, operational, financial, and economic risks associated with doing business outside of Israel.

Our headquarters are located in Israel and we have an active subsidiary in the United States. Nevertheless, our business strategy incorporates potentially significant international expansion. Doing business internationally involves a number of risks, including but not limited to:

Any of these factors could significantly harm our future international expansion and operations and, consequently, our results of operations.

The health effects of nanotechnology are unknown.

There is no scientific agreement on the health effects of nanomaterials, but some scientists believe that, in some cases, nanomaterials may be hazardous to an individual’s health or the environment. The science of nanotechnology is based on arranging atoms in such a way as to modify or build materials. Depending on the nanomaterials used, the resulting material may not be found in nature; therefore, the effects are unknown. Our technologies are based on nanometals that are, at most times, dispersed in a liquid minimizing the exposures risks. Moreover, once the metal particles have been printed and sintered they are no longer nanometals, therefore lowering exposure risks. Although, we take appropriate precautions for employees working with our materials and believe that any health risks related to the nanometals used in potential products can be minimized, we cannot assure that such precautions will be effective. Future research in the field of nanomaterials, in general, on health and environmental issues may have an adverse effect on products using our technology.

Public perceptions of ethical and social issues may discourage the use of nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology has received both positive and negative publicity and is the subject of public discussion and debate. Governments and regulatory bodies may, for social or health purposes, prohibit or regulate the use of nanotechnology. This may restrict our ability to license our technology, or the ability of our future licensees (if any) to sell products.

Our future success depends in part on our ability to retain our Chief Executive Officer and to attract, retain, and motivate other qualified personnel.

We are highly dependent on Dr. Fernando de la Vega, our co-founder and chief executive officer, and the loss of his services without proper replacements would adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. Under the terms of his services agreement with us, Dr. de la Vega may cease providing services to us at any time by providing three (3) months’ prior written notice. Recruiting and retaining another chief executive officer and other qualified employees, consultants, and advisors for our business, including scientific and technical personnel, will also be critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous high-tech companies for individuals with similar skill sets. The inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel, or the loss of the services of Dr. de la Vega without proper replacement, may impede the progress of our research, development, and commercialization objectives.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and permitting requirements mainly in Israel, including those governing the emission and discharge of hazardous materials into ground, air or water; the generation, storage, use, management and disposal of hazardous waste; the registration of chemicals and in the future also import and export of chemicals; the clean-up of contaminated sites; and the health and safety of our employees. We expect to be subject to similar regulations in any other jurisdictions in which we may establish manufacturing operations in the future. Some of these laws and regulations require us to obtain licenses or permits to conduct our operations. Environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time. If we violate or fail to comply with these laws, regulations, licenses or permits, we could be fined or otherwise sanctioned by regulators. We cannot predict the impact on our business of new or amended laws or regulations or any changes in the way existing and future laws and regulations are interpreted or enforced, nor can we ensure we will be able to obtain or maintain any required licenses or permits.

We are dependent on a license for the additives necessary for the metallization of solar cells.

In order for our inks to be suitable for use in silicon nitride based solar cell metallization processes, we use certain additives in our inks. These additives are not readily commercially available, and we have an exclusive license for these additives from the Fraunhofer Institute, IKTS, or IKTS, in Germany, which developed them especially for our inks. Pursuant to the license, IKTS has agreed to manufacture a limited quantity of such additives for us each year. If we require greater quantities, IKTS has agreed to transfer the production file and knowhow to our chosen manufacturer. If IKTS is not able to supply these additives in sufficient quantities or at an acceptable quality, we will need to seek other sources for such additives. However, we are not aware of any other party capable of manufacturing such additives without an orderly transfer by IKTS, as they were specially designed by IKTS for use with our inks. Furthermore, even if we obtain the production file and knowhow for such additives, we may have difficulty in finding other manufacturers with the ability or technical knowledge to utilize such information to produce such additives in our desired quantities and quality, or at all. Any of these events could materially impair our ability to manufacture inks suitable for use in solar cell metallization processes in sufficient quantities or at all, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain and maintain effective patent rights for our products and technologies or any future products and technologies, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

We rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection, and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our products and technologies. Our success depends in large part on our and our licensors’ ability to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection in the United States and in other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and products.

We have sought to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and in other countries, as well as related to our novel technologies and products that are important to our business. The silver ink-related patent applications have been granted in the United States, China, Japan, Europe, Israel, India, Korea, Brazil and Russia and are pending in a number of additional countries. The applications for copper ink-related patents have been granted in the United States and Russia and are pending in a number of countries. This process is expensive and time consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.

The patent position of technology companies generally is highly uncertain and involves complex legal and factual questions for which legal principles remain unsolved. The patents or patent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our products and technologies in the United States or in other foreign countries. There is no assurance that all potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found. The discovery of relevant prior art can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue, and even if such patents cover our products and technologies, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability, or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed, found unenforceable or invalidated. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our intellectual property, provide exclusivity for our products and technologies, or prevent others from designing around our claims. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which may have an adverse impact on our business.

We, independently or together with our licensors, have filed several patent applications covering various aspects of our products and technologies. Even though some have already been granted, we cannot provide any assurances about which, if any, additional patents will issue, the breadth of any such patent or whether any issued patents will be found invalid and unenforceable or will be threatened by third parties. Any successful opposition to these patents or any other patents owned by or licensed to us after patent issuance could deprive us of rights necessary for the successful commercialization of any products and technologies that we may develop. Further, if we encounter delays in regulatory approvals, the period of time during which we could market a product under patent protection could be reduced.

If we cannot obtain and maintain effective patent rights for our products and technologies, we may not be able to compete effectively and our business and results of operations would be harmed.

If we are unable to maintain effective proprietary rights for our products and technologies or any future products and technologies, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary knowhow that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our product candidate discovery and development processes that involve proprietary knowhow, information or technology that is not covered by patents. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, and contractors. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors.

Although we expect all of our employees and consultants to assign their inventions to us, and all of our employees, consultants, advisors, and any third parties who have access to our proprietary knowhow, information, or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, we cannot provide any assurances that all such agreements have been duly executed or that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. Misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of our trade secrets could impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating the trade secret.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts.

There have been many lawsuits and other proceedings involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the high-technology industries, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, oppositions, and reexamination proceedings before the USPTO and corresponding foreign patent offices. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we are developing products and technologies. As the conductive ink industry expands and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our products and technologies may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties. We have never conducted a freedom to operate study.

Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, or methods of manufacture related to the use or manufacture of our products and technologies. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications that may later result in issued patents that our products and technologies may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these patents. If any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover the manufacturing process of any of our products and technologies, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to commercialize such product or technology unless we obtained a license under the applicable patents, or until such patents expire or are finally determined to be invalid or unenforceable.

Similarly, if any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations, processes for manufacture, or methods of use, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable product or technology unless we obtained a license or until such patent expires or is finally determined to be invalid or unenforceable. In either case, such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our products and technologies. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages (including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement), pay royalties, redesign our infringing products or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure.

We may become subject to claims of intellectual property infringement by third parties or may be required to indemnify our distributors or other third parties against such claims, which, regardless of their merit, could result in litigation, distract our management and materially adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

We have in the past and may in the future become subject to third-party claims that assert that our solutions, services and intellectual property infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate third-party intellectual property or other proprietary rights.

Intellectual property disputes can be costly and disruptive to our business operations by diverting the attention and energies of management and key technical personnel, and by increasing our costs of doing business. Even if a claim is not directly against us, our agreements with distributors generally require us to indemnify them against losses from claims that our products infringe third-party intellectual property rights and entitle us to assume the defense of any claim as part of the indemnification undertaking. Our assumption of the defense of such a claim may result in similar costs, disruption and diversion of management attention to that of a claim that is asserted directly against us. We may not prevail in any such dispute or litigation, and an adverse decision in any legal action involving intellectual property rights could harm our intellectual property rights and the value of any related technology or limit our ability to execute our business.

Adverse outcomes in intellectual property disputes could:

We may become subject to claims for remuneration or royalties for assigned service invention rights by our employees, which could result in litigation and adversely affect our business.

All of our intellectual property has been developed by our employees in the course of their employment for us. Under the Israeli Patent Law, 5727-1967, or the Patent Law, inventions conceived by an employee in the course and as a result of or arising from his or her employment with a company are regarded as “service inventions,” which belong to the employer, absent a specific agreement between the employee and employer giving the employee proprietary rights. The Patent Law also provides under Section 134 that if there is no agreement between an employer and an employee as to whether the employee is entitled to consideration for service inventions, and to what extent and under which conditions, the Israeli Compensation and Royalties Committee, or the Committee, a body constituted under the Patent Law, shall determine these issues. Section 135 of the Patent law provides criteria for assisting the Committee in making its decisions. According to case law handed down by the Committee, an employee’s right to receive consideration for service inventions is a personal right and is entirely separate from the proprietary rights in such invention. Therefore, this right must be explicitly waived by the employee. A decision handed down in May 2014 by the Committee clarifies that the right to receive consideration under Section 134 can be waived and that such waiver can be made orally, in writing or by behavior like any other contract. The Committee will examine, on a case by case basis, the general contractual framework between the parties, using interpretation rules of the general Israeli contract laws. Further, the Committee has not yet determined one specific formula for calculating this remuneration, nor the criteria or circumstances under which an employee’s waiver of his right to remuneration will be disregarded. Similarly, it remains unclear whether waivers by employees in their employment agreements of the alleged right to receive consideration for service inventions should be declared as void being a depriving provision in a standard contract. We generally enter into assignment-of-invention agreements with our employees pursuant to which such individuals assign to us all rights to any inventions created in the scope of their employment or engagement with us. Although our employees have agreed to assign to us service invention rights and have specifically waived their right to receive any special remuneration for such service inventions beyond their regular salary and benefits, we may face claims demanding remuneration in consideration for assigned inventions.

We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to our products and technologies through intellectual property rights in-licenses.

We currently have rights to the intellectual property, through licenses from third parties and under patents that we own, to develop our products and technologies. Because our programs may require the use of proprietary rights held by third parties, the growth of our business will likely depend in part on our ability to in-license, or use these proprietary rights. In addition, our products and technologies may require specific formulations to work effectively and efficiently and the rights to these formulations may be held by others. We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes, or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary for our products and technologies. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources, and greater development and commercialization capabilities.

In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property rights, we may have to abandon development of that program and our business and financial condition could suffer.

We may not be able to fully enforce covenants not to compete with our key employees, and therefore we may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of such employees.

Our employment agreements with our key employees contain non-compete provisions. These provisions prohibit our key employees, if they cease working for us, from competing directly with us or working for our competitors for a limited period of time. We may be unable to enforce these provisions under applicable laws in Israel where all of our key employees reside. In Israel, the Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation, as interpreted by binding case law, may restrict our ability to enforce non-compete provisions against our employees. If we cannot enforce our non-compete provisions against our employees, we may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of such employees. Even if these provisions are enforceable, they may not adequately protect our interests. As a result, if one or more of our employees leaves our employment and subsequently becomes employed by one of our competitors, our business, results of operations and ability to capitalize on our proprietary information may be materially adversely affected.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on products and technologies in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States.

Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and may also export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Risks Related to Our Operations in Israel

Our headquarters and other significant operations are located in Israel and, therefore, our results may be adversely affected by political, economic and military instability in Israel.

Our executive offices, application department, labs, production site and warehouse are located in Migdal Ha’Emek (in three different sites), Israel. In addition, all of our officers and directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel may directly affect our business. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its neighboring countries and militia groups. Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect our operations and results of operations. Certain of these conflicts involved missile strikes against civilian targets in various parts of Israel, including the city in which our headquarters are located as well as areas in which our employees and some of our consultants are located, and negatively affected business conditions in Israel.. Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities or political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions and could harm our results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital. Parties with whom we do business may sometimes decline to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements when necessary in order to meet our business partners face to face. In addition, the political and security situation in Israel may result in parties with whom we have agreements involving performance in Israel claiming that they are not obligated to perform their commitments under those agreements pursuant to force majeure provisions in such agreements. Israel also faces threats from more distant neighbors, in particular, Iran, an ally of Hezbollah and Hamas.

Several countries, principally in the Middle East, still restrict doing business with Israel and Israeli companies, while some of these countries are eliminating these constrains, additional countries may impose restrictions on doing business with Israel and Israeli companies if hostilities in Israel or political instability in the region continues or increases. These restrictions may limit materially our ability to obtain raw materials from these countries or sell our products to companies or persons in these countries. Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its present trading partners, or significant downturn in the economic or financial condition of Israel, could adversely affect our operations and product development, cause our sales to decrease and, if our securities become publicly traded, adversely affect the share price of our securities.

Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of an event associated with the security situation in the Middle East. Although the Israeli government is currently committed to covering the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained, or if maintained, will be sufficient to compensate us fully for damages incurred. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any armed conflicts or political instability in the region would likely negatively affect business conditions generally and could harm our results of operations.

The Israeli government grants we have received for research and development expenditures restrict our ability to manufacture products and transfer technologies outside of Israel and require us to satisfy specified conditions. If we fail to satisfy these conditions, we may be required to refund grants previously received together with interest and penalties.

We have received grants from the Israel Innovation Authority, the IIA or the Authority (formerly operating as Office of the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Economy of the State of Israel, or the OCS), for research and development programs and intend to apply for further grants in the future. In order to maintain our eligibility for these grants, we must comply with the requirements of the Encouragement of Research, Development and Technological Innovation in the Industry Law 5744-1984 (formerly known as the Law for the Encouragement of Research and Development in Industry 5744-1984), and the regulations and guidelines promulgated thereunder, or the Innovation Law. Under the terms of the grants under the Innovation Law also generally requires that the products developed as part of the programs under which the grants were given be manufactured in Israel and that the know-how developed thereunder may not be transferred outside of Israel, unless a prior written approval is received from the IIA (such approval is not required for the transfer of a portion of the manufacturing capacity which does not exceed, in the aggregate, 10% of the portion declared to be manufactured outside of Israel in the applications for funding, in which case only notification is required) and additional payments are required to be made to the IIA. It should be noted, that this does not restrict the export of products that incorporate the funded know-how. As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, we have not sought to obtain such approvals, as we do not have immediate plans to manufacture outside of Israel. We may not receive the required approvals for any transfer of manufacturing activities, if such transfer will be contemplated in the future. Even if we do receive approval to manufacture products developed with government grants outside of Israel, the royalty rate may be increased and we may be required to pay up to 300% of some or all of the grant amounts requiring repayment plus interest, depending on the manufacturing volume that is performed outside of Israel. This restriction may impair our ability to outsource manufacturing or engage in our own manufacturing operations for those products or technologies.

Additionally, under the Innovation Law, we are prohibited from transferring, including by way of license, the Authority-financed technologies and related intellectual property rights and knowhow outside of the State of Israel, except under limited circumstances and only with the approval of the Authority’s Research Committee. As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, we have not sought to obtain such approvals, as we do not have immediate plans to transfer the Authority-financed technologies and related intellectual property rights and knowhow outside of Israel. We may not receive the required approvals for any proposed transfer, if any, and even if received, we may be required to pay the Authority a portion of the consideration that we receive upon any sale of such technology to a non-Israeli entity up to 600% of the grant amounts plus interest. The scope of the support received, the royalties that we have already paid to the Authority, the amount of time that has elapsed between the date on which the knowhow or the related intellectual property rights were transferred and the date on which the Authority grants were received and the sale price and the form of transaction will be taken into account in order to calculate the amount of the payment to the Authority. Approval of the transfer of technology to residents of the State of Israel is required, and may be granted in specific circumstances only if the recipient abides by the provisions of applicable laws, including the restrictions on the transfer of knowhow and the obligation to pay royalties. No assurance can be made that approval to any such transfer, if requested, will be granted.

These restrictions may impair our ability to sell our technology assets or to perform or outsource manufacturing outside of Israel, engage in change of control transactions or otherwise transfer our knowhow outside of Israel and may require us to obtain the approval of the Authority for certain actions and transactions and pay additional royalties and other amounts to the Authority. In addition, any change of control and any change of ownership of our ordinary shares that would make a non-Israeli citizen or resident an “interested party,” as defined in the Innovation Law, requires a written notice to the Authority, and such non-Israeli “interested party” will be required to execute an undertaking to the Authority to abide with the provisions of the Innovation Law.

These restrictions will continue to apply even after we have repaid the full amount of royalties on the grants. If we fail to satisfy the conditions of the Innovation Law, we may be required to refund certain grants previously received together with interest and penalties, and may become subject to criminal charges.

The Government of Israel has reduced the grants available under the Authority’s program in recent years, and this program may be discontinued or curtailed in the future. If we do not receive additional grants in the future, we will be required to allocate other funds to product development at the expense of other operational costs.

We have received a grant from the Office of the Authority of the Ministry of National Infrastructures, Energy and Water Resources, or the Ministry of Infrastructures, for one of our research and development programs. In order to maintain our eligibility for this grant, we must meet specified conditions, including the payment of royalties with respect to the grant received. If we fail to comply with these conditions in the future, sanctions (such as the cancellation of the grant) might be imposed on us, and we could be required to refund any payments previously received. Even following full repayment of any Ministry of Infrastructures grants, we must nevertheless continue to comply with the requirements of our agreement with the Ministry of Infrastructures. The terms of the Ministry of Infrastructures’ grant require us to obtain the Ministry of Infrastructures’ approval prior to any assignment of knowhow developed under the research and development program funded with its grant. The Ministry of Infrastructures also has a right to receive a nonexclusive royalty free license to the know how developed under any such program to the extent necessary for national needs (as determined by the Minister of Science and Technology, the Minister of Treasury and the Minister of Justice). Pursuant to the terms of the grant, we will be required to notify the Ministry of Infrastructures of any new investment we receive, and any new investor will be required to undertake in writing to the Ministry of Infrastructures to make reasonable efforts to ensure that the Company shall observe the terms of the research and development agreement with the Ministry of Infrastructures and the law governing the grant program of the Ministry of Infrastructures. In addition, in any case where one or more new investors makes an investment with the Company, the Ministry of Infrastructures has a right to negotiate with such investor(s) for the repayment by us of the grant provided to us by the Ministry of Infrastructures. At our request, the Ministry of Infrastructures confirmed our interpretation that the registration of the securities herein will not be deemed as a new investment.

Exchange rate fluctuations between the U.S. dollar and the NIS currencies may negatively affect our earnings.

We incur expenses both in U.S. dollars and NIS, but our consolidated financial statements are denominated in U.S. dollars. As a result, we are exposed to the risks that the New Israeli Shekel may appreciate relative to the U.S. dollar, or, if the New Israeli Shekel instead devalues relative to the U.S. dollar, that the inflation rate in Israel may exceed such rate of devaluation of the New Israeli Shekel, or that the timing of such devaluation may lag behind inflation in Israel. In any such event, the U.S. dollar cost of our operations in Israel would increase and our U.S. dollar-denominated results of operations would be adversely affected. We cannot predict any future trends in the rate of inflation in Israel or the rate of devaluation (if any) of the New Israeli Shekel against the U.S. dollar.

Provisions of Israeli law and our Fourth Amended Articles of Association, or our Articles of Association, may delay, prevent or make undesirable an acquisition of all or a significant portion of our shares or assets.

Provisions of Israeli law and our Articles of Association could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of our Company; may make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us; may make it more difficult for our shareholders to elect different individuals to our board of directors, even if doing so would be considered to be beneficial by some of our shareholders; and may limit the price that investors may be willing to pay in the future for our ordinary shares. Among other things:

On September 24, 2015, we held a general meeting of shareholders at which our shareholders approved, among other things, an amendment to the provisions of our Articles of Association applicable to the election of directors to provide for a board of directors consisting of no less than three (3) and no more than seven (7) directors, with all directors (other than the external directors, whose appointment is required under the Companies Law, as described below) divided into three (3) classes with staggered three-year terms with each class of directors to consist, as nearly as possible, of one-third of the total number of directors other than the external directors. This provision may make it more difficult for our shareholders to elect different individuals to our board of directors, even if doing so would be considered to be beneficial by some of our shareholders, may limit the price that investors may be willing to pay in the future for our ordinary shares, and may make it more difficult for a potential acquiror to effect a change of control of our Company or may deter potential acquirors from seeking to effect a change of control. On November 29, 2018, we held a general meeting of shareholders at which our shareholders approved, among other things, an amendment to the provisions of our Articles of Association applicable to the election of directors to provide for GTRIMG Investments Ltd., or GTRIMG, to designate one non-voting observer to the board of directors, or the Observer. The Observer is entitled to attend and participate in all meetings of the board of directors in a non-voting, observer capacity. Subject to limitations, the Observer is entitled to receive notice of, to attend and to receive copies of any documentation distributed to the directors before, during or after, all meetings of the board of directors at the same time such notice or material is provided or delivered to members of the board of directors. In addition, in the event that and conditioned upon the conversion of the loan amount or the investment of at least US $2,000,000, GTRIMG shall be entitled to appoint one director for election to our board of directors. Such director shall serve as the chairman of the board of directors, provided that such nominee has the required qualifications under applicable laws including the stock exchange rules then applicable to us.

Further, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions undesirable to us or to some of our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel granting tax relief to such shareholders from Israeli tax. With respect to mergers, Israeli tax law allows for tax deferral in certain circumstances but makes the deferral contingent on the fulfillment of numerous conditions, including a holding period of two (2) years from the date of the transaction during which certain sales and dispositions of shares of the participating companies are restricted. Moreover, with respect to certain share swap transactions, the tax deferral is limited in time, and when such time expires, the tax becomes payable even if no actual disposition of the shares has occurred.

The tax benefits that are available to us as a preferred enterprise require us to continue to meet various conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which could increase our costs and taxes.

We have not yet elected to be treated as a preferred enterprise for Israeli tax purposes, a designation which would allow us to receive certain tax benefits, since we are still not at a stage where we have to pay tax due to carry forward losses. Once we are liable for tax payments, we may be entitled to reduced tax rates and other tax benefits. See “Item 10 E. — Taxation — Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959”. If these tax benefits were reduced or eliminated or if we no longer comply with the various pre-conditions required, the amount of taxes that we pay would consequently be subject to corporate tax at the standard rate, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

It may be difficult to enforce a judgment of a United States court against us and our officers and directors and the Israeli experts named in this annual report on Form 20-F located in Israel or the United States, to assert United States securities laws claims in Israel or to serve process on our officers and directors and these experts.

We were incorporated in Israel. Our Chief Executive Officer and all of our directors reside outside of the United States, and all of our assets and most of the assets of these persons are located outside of the United States. Therefore, a judgment obtained against us, or any of these persons, including a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be collectible in the United States and may not necessarily be enforced by an Israeli court. It also may be difficult for you to effect service of process on these persons in the United States or to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel. Additionally, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to initiate an action with respect to United States securities laws in Israel. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of United States securities laws, reasoning that Israel is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not United States law is applicable to the claim. If United States law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable United States law must be proven as a fact by expert witnesses, which can be a time consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel that addresses the matters described above. As a result of the difficulty associated with enforcing a judgment against us in Israel, you may not be able to collect any damages awarded by either a United States or foreign court.

Risks Related to Our Securities

Our U.S. investors may suffer adverse tax consequences if we are characterized as a passive foreign investment company.

Generally, if for any taxable year 75% or more of our gross income is passive income, or at least 50% of our assets are held for the production of, or produce, passive income, we would be characterized as a passive foreign investment company, or a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We have not determined whether we have been a PFIC for 2019 or any previous year, or whether we will be a PFIC in any future year. Because PFIC status is determined annually and is based on our income, assets and activities for the entire taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a PFIC in any year. If we were to be characterized as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year during which a U.S. Investor, as defined in “Item 10 E. — Taxation — Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”, owns ordinary shares, such U.S. Investor could face adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, including having gains realized on the sale of our ordinary shares classified as ordinary income, rather than as capital gain, the loss of the preferential rate applicable to dividends received on our ordinary shares by individuals who are U.S. Investors, and having interest charges apply to distributions by us and the proceeds of share sales. A “qualified electing fund” election may alleviate some of the adverse consequences of PFIC status; however, we do not intend to provide the information necessary for U.S. Investors to make qualified electing fund elections if we are classified as a PFIC. See “Item 10 E. — Taxation — Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.”

Your rights and responsibilities as a shareholder will be governed by Israeli law which differs in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. companies.

The rights and responsibilities of our shareholders are governed by Israeli law and our Articles of Association. These rights and responsibilities differ in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical U.S.-based corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has a duty to act in good faith and in a customary manner in exercising its rights and performing its obligations towards the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing its power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at general meetings of shareholders on certain matters, such as an amendment to the company’s articles of association, an increase of the company’s authorized share capital, a merger of the company and approval of related party transactions that require shareholder approval. A shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders. In addition, a controlling shareholder or a shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholders’ vote or to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder in the company has a duty to act in fairness towards the company. However, Israeli law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness. There is limited case law available to assist us in understanding the nature of this duty or the implications of these provisions. These provisions may be interpreted to impose additional obligations and liabilities on our shareholders that are not typically imposed on shareholders of U.S. corporations.

We have never paid cash dividends on our share capital, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our share capital, nor do we anticipate paying any cash dividends on our share capital in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our ordinary shares will be investors’ sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. In addition, Israeli law limits our ability to declare and pay dividends, and may subject our dividends to Israeli withholding taxes. Furthermore, our payment of dividends (out of tax-exempt income) may retroactively subject us to certain Israeli corporate income taxes, to which we would not otherwise be subject.

Our directors, executive officers and controlling persons as a group have significant voting power and may take actions that may not be in the best interest of shareholders.

Our directors (including shareholders’ they represent, as applicable), executive officers and controlling persons as a group beneficially owned approximately 32.3% of our outstanding ordinary shares as of December 31, 2019. As a result, they will have the ability to exert substantial influence over all matters requiring approval by our shareholders, including the election and removal of directors and any proposed merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, due to their share ownership, our executive officers and controlling persons could dictate the management of our business and affairs. Further, if GTRIMG, exercises all its rights under the convertible securities it holds, it will hold approximately 47.1% of our share capital on a fully diluted basis as of December 31, 2019 (such rate was calculated based on the assumption that GTRIMG will convert all its loans and exercise all its warrants at a conversion and exercise price of $0.17, such price may be different based on the calculation mechanism agreed in convertible securities agreement, See “Item 5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources” for additional information). This concentration of ownership could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, or impeding a merger or consolidation, takeover or other business combination that could be favorable to you. This significant concentration of share ownership may also adversely affect the trading price for our ordinary shares, if a public market further develops for such securities, because investors may perceive disadvantages in owning stock in a company with controlling affiliated shareholders.

We incur significant costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

We are subject to the requirements to file periodic and annual reports under Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act, and are otherwise subject to laws applicable to public reporting companies in the United States. As a public reporting company, we incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the SEC thereunder, have imposed various requirements on public companies. Shareholder activism, the current political environment, and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate. Our management and other personnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time consuming and costly.

As an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Exchange Act Act, we are entitled (and intend) to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. If and when these exemptions cease to apply, we expect to incur additional expenses and devote increased management effort toward ensuring compliance with them. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur as a result of becoming a public reporting company or the timing of such costs.

We are a “foreign private issuer” and have disclosure obligations that are different from those of U.S. domestic reporting companies.

We are a foreign private issuer and are not subject to the same requirements that are imposed upon U.S. domestic issuers by the SEC. Under the Exchange Act, we are subject to reporting obligations that, in certain respects, are less detailed and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. For example, we are not required to issue quarterly reports, proxy statements that comply with the requirements applicable to U.S. domestic reporting companies. Furthermore, although under a recent amendment to the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, as an Israeli public company listed overseas we are required to disclose the compensation of our five (5) most highly compensated officers on an individual basis (rather than on an aggregate basis, as was previously permitted for Israeli public companies listed overseas prior to such amendment), this disclosure is not as extensive as that required of U.S. domestic reporting companies. We also have four (4) months and an automatic extension of 15 days after the end of each fiscal year to file our annual reports with the SEC and are not required to file current reports as frequently or promptly as U.S. domestic reporting companies. Furthermore, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the requirements to report short-swing profit recovery contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Also, as a “foreign private issuer,” we are also not subject to the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act. These exemptions and leniencies will reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections available to you in comparison to those applicable to a U.S. domestic reporting companies.

Offers or availability for sale of a substantial number of our ordinary shares may cause the price of our ordinary shares to decline.

If our shareholders sell substantial amounts of our ordinary shares in the public market (if one develops) or if there is a perception in the market that substantial sales may occur in the future upon the expiration of any statutory holding period, under Rule 144, or upon the exercise of outstanding options or Warrants, the market price of our ordinary shares could fall. The occurrence of such substantial sales or the perception that substantial sales of common stock may occur in the future could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional financing through the sale of equity or equity related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem reasonable or appropriate.

Furthermore, we issued a significant number of warrants to an investor, which, if exercised, will have a material dilutive effect on our share capital. For more information see “Item 7 A. — Major Shareholders”.

The market price of our ordinary shares may fluctuate significantly.

If a public trading market further develops for our ordinary shares, the market price of the ordinary shares may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, some of which are beyond our control, such as:

Further, in recent years, the stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. Continued or renewed market fluctuations could result in extreme volatility in the price of our ordinary shares, which could cause a decline in the value of the ordinary shares. Price volatility of our ordinary shares might be significant if the trading volume of the ordinary shares is low, which often occurs with respect to securities quotedon the OTCQB or the OTC Pink.

Because our ordinary shares are traded as a “penny stock,” it may be more difficult for investors to sell our ordinary shares, and the market price of our ordinary shares may be adversely affected.

Our ordinary shares are deemed a “penny stock” since, among other things, the stock price is currently trading below $5.00 per share. Broker-dealers who sell penny stocks must provide purchasers of these stocks with a standardized risk-disclosure document prepared by the SEC. This document provides information about penny stocks and the nature and level of risks involved in investing in the penny-stock market. A broker must also give a purchaser, orally or in writing, bid and offer quotations and information regarding broker and salesperson compensation, make a written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and obtain the purchaser’s written agreement to the purchase. Broker-dealers must also provide customers that hold penny stock in their accounts with such broker-dealer a monthly statement containing price and market information relating to the penny stock. If a penny stock is sold to an investor in violation of the penny stock rules, the investor may be able to cancel its purchase and get its money back.

The penny stock rules may make it difficult for investors to sell their ordinary shares. Because of the rules and restrictions applicable to a penny stock, there is less trading in penny stocks and the market price of the ordinary shares may be adversely affected. Also, many brokers choose not to participate in penny stock transactions. Accordingly, investors may not always be able to resell their ordinary shares publicly at times and prices that they feel are appropriate.

Compliance with changing regulations concerning corporate governance and public disclosure may result in additional expenses.

There have been changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, new regulations promulgated by the SEC and rules promulgated by the national securities exchanges. These new or changed laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies, which could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. As a result, our efforts to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards are likely to continue to result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. Our directors and executive officers could face an increased risk of personal liability in connection with the performance of their duties. As a result, we may have difficulty attracting and retaining qualified directors and executive officers, which could harm our business. If our efforts to comply with new or changed laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies, we could be subject to liability under applicable laws or our reputation may be harmed.

ITEM 4. Information on the Company

A. History and development of the company

P.V. Nano Cell Ltd. was incorporated in Israel on June 24, 2009 as a private limited liability company, organized under the laws of State of Israel. In September 2015, we successfully filed our Registration Statement on Form F-1 in the United States. We have three (3) wholly owned subsidiaries, Nano Size Ltd., or Nano Size, a private company organized under the laws of the state of Israel which we acquired on December 31, 2009, Digiflex, which we acquired on December 3, 2017 and Jet CU commencing July 26, 2020.

Our Registration Statement on Form F-1 was declared effective by the SEC on September 30, 2015, and a FINRA-registered market maker subsequently filed an application on Form 211 with FINRA to quote the ordinary shares on the OTCQB. On March 31, 2016, the application on Form 211 with FINRA to make a market in our ordinary shares was approved by FINRA, and on December 15, 2016, quotation of our ordinary shares began on the OTCQB under the ticker symbol “PVNNF”. Since December 18, 2019, our ordinary shares are quoted on the OTC Pink.

Our principal offices are located at 8 Hamasger Street, Migdal Ha’Emek, Israel 2310102. Our telephone number is (972) 4-654-6881. Our website address is www.pvnanocell.com. This website address is included in this annual report on Form 20-F as an inactive textual reference only. The information and other content appearing on our website are not part of this annual report on Form 20-F. The Company does not have a registered agent in the United States.

B. Business Overview

We are a conductive ink manufacturing company focused on developing, manufacturing, marketing and commercializing conductive inks for digital conductive printing applications (mainly inkjet and aerosol printing technologies). We have developed the Sicrys™ family of single crystal nano-metric conductive inks, which we believe enables a significantly less costly and less wasteful alternative to current screen printing and, in some cases, photolithography etching processes for photovoltaic (PV) and digital printed electronics (PE) applications. Our main strategy includes providing a “Complete Solution” or “End-to-End Solution” approach to our costumer, meaning we provide the printing equipment, process and inks as a package. In some cases, we subsidize the printer, thus implementing a razor blade model. We also adapt our basic inks to specific customer requirements. We began low volume sales of our Sicrys™ silver-based inks for PV and PE applications in 2010 and are in the process of seeking to expand our sales efforts to include sales of Sicrys™ inks for a wider range of digital PE applications, including for the printing of windshields in automotive applications, photovoltaic devices, printed passive components, circuit boards, mobile phone antennas, 3D printed electronic devices, radio-frequency identification chips, sensors and touchscreens, among other digitally printed electronics. We have also developed what we believe is the first available commercially viable copper-based nano-metric ink for mass-production of printed electronics. We believe that copper inks represent a significant improvement over silver-based inks given copper’s significantly lower cost and nearly identical electrical and conductive properties. We began low volume sales of our copper-based ink for printed electronics applications in the second half of 2014.

During 2019, we significantly increased the sale of our Sicrys™ inks, growth which has continued in 2020 (in spite of COVID-19 constrains). In this period, we have also continued to expand our ink portfolio adding additional silver, copper, gold, resistor and dielectric inks.

Background

Printed Electronics

Digital printed electronics is a set of methodologies by which electrical devices are digitally printed onto various substrates (i.e., base material) by depositing electrically functional inks (and possibly other additional functional inks such as insulating materials) on the substrate, creating active or passive devices, such as conductors, capacitors or resistors. The use of digital printed electronics presents an opportunity to facilitate widespread, production of new electronics, more efficient electronics and customized and personalized electronics while keeping production costs low.

According to our internal estimates based on various market studies, we expect that the total addressable worldwide market for the sale of inks which the Company is aiming to penetrate will be in excess of US$75 billion by 2022. The total addressable market could be increased by an increase in the need and future capability to print embedded passive components economically. Our estimate based on a market report by Markets and Markets from June 2020, a segment of this market is the Printed electronics market which is a US$7.8 billion market in 2020 and expected to grow to US$20.7 billion in 2025.

The total addressable worldwide market is more specifically projected as set forth below:

We believe that the current analog printing and etching methods have inherent limitations when implemented in flexible electronics, 3D (three dimensional) electronics and in customized and small-scale printing. Furthermore, these processes currently utilize expensive materials and produce toxic by products which must be disposed of, which increases overall production costs. We believe that a significant market opportunity exists for inks, such as ours, that enable digital inkjet conductive printing, enabling printing on flexible substrates, three-dimensional printing and customized and small-scale printing at a lower price.

Photovoltaic Cell Metallization

PV cells (commonly known as solar cells) are the building blocks of solar module arrays that convert energy from sunlight into electricity. Multiple PV cells in an integrated group, all oriented in one plane, constitute a solar photovoltaic panel or module, and a group of connected modules make up an array. An array of PV cells is capable of converting solar energy into a usable amount of direct current electricity.

Most modern solar cells are made from either crystalline silicon or thin-film semiconductor material. Crystalline silicon cells are more efficient at converting sunlight to electricity, but generally have higher manufacturing costs. Thin-film materials are typically less efficient at converting sunlight into electricity, but can be cheaper to manufacture.

A key part of the PV crystalline silicon cell manufacturing process is the metallization of the cell – i.e., laying down metal electrodes to collect the electricity generated by the cell when exposed to sunlight. Typically, the metallization process is completed by the application of a silver paste to the front side and aluminum-silver pastes on the rear side of the cell using a screen-printing process. This process is one of the main bottlenecks to reducing the costs of the cells and the cost of electricity produced by the cells due to: high usage of metal (expensive silver), loss of paste in the process (some paste stays in the screens), cell breakage in the printing process (contact printing), wide printed patterns (higher shading of cells, less surface exposed to the light) and limited electrical properties of the pastes.

Although silver demand for photovoltaic applications is hard to estimate as markets and technologies are constantly changing, the leading new PV cells need only one-fifth or less as much silver as a decade before. According to a 2020 report from S&P Global, the photovoltaic sector accounts for ~ 10% of the total silver consumption, which is around 28,000 metric tons per year.

Silicon crystalline solar cells are been replaced by different types of cells like thin fil, HTJ, CIGS and others. By 2025 is expected that more than 10% of the market will be these type of cells. Most of these cells are temperature sensitive, therefore the screen printing process not compatible with them. Inkjet printing with our low temperature sintering inks is compatible with these cells. PVN has demonstrated with one of its customers that implementing Sicrys™ silver inks with inkjet printing increases substantially the efficiency of the cells.

We believe that a significant market opportunity exists for a non-contact metallization low temperature sintering solution that is competitive with traditional screen printing process, does not break silicon cells, allows for thinner PV cell wafers (thus reducing silicon costs, which we believe to be a major obstacle to the wider proliferation of solar cell technologies), increases the active area of the cell by printing narrower conductors, and yields better electrical performance than screen-printed conductors. We believe that the market for inks to be used in inkjet printing for PV applications is a small subset of the market for silver pastes and inks in PV cell production generally, as described above. We further believe that such market has a potential to grow over time given the benefits of inkjet printers and the benefits of our silver and copper based Sycris™ inks, which, among others, apply to a range of printer devices, and have lower costs and simpler operating procedures when compared to photolithography processes commonly used. See “ITEM 4 B. — Business Overview — Our Solutions — Printed Electronics”.

The Market

The analog process used to produce electronics are very complicated, environmentally unfriendly, and inefficient as it contains many production steps, and is capex expensive and limited in its performance.

Digitally printing electronics present many advantages over the traditional analog method, including:

While there are quite a few companies that have silver conductive inks (which are not compatible with mass production processes), there are very few companies offering copper nano particle dispersions, which, to our knowledge, are not inks. The Company offers silver and copper-based inks. Over 2019-2020 we have expanded our ink portfolio to include gold, resistors and dielectric inks.

As of December 15, 2020, the silver metal was approximately 100 times more expensive than copper metal which may eventually allow us to price copper inks at two to three times lower than silver inks and easily compete with analog conductive inks and processes.

Product Development

We offer and sell several conductive inks based on either silver or copper. Inks are sold through our web site as well as directly to customers or through distributors. Our operations team is well-trained for prompt delivery at a consistently high quality. To date, although we have had limited sales, we have not had any product returns.

Our Application and Research and Development, or R&D, team’s efforts are focused on four main goals:

This printer is intended to include all the necessary elements to print electronics in the same tool. These capabilities include the capability to print up to ten inks in parallel with very high accuracy, sintering, drying, and inspection capabilities at an affordable price.

Our Solutions

Printed Electronics

We currently offer silver-based Sicrys™ inks and our newly developed copper-based Sicrys™ for use in the production of PE utilizing inkjet printers. We believe that inkjet production of PE utilizing our Sicrys™ inks results in the following benefits relative to traditional screen printing and photolithography processes:

Photovoltaic Cell Metallization

Our Sicrys™ family of inks are low viscosity, nano-particle inks optimized for inkjet printing. We believe that PV cell metallization via inkjet printing utilizing our Sicrys™ inks results in the following benefits relative to traditional screen-printing processes:

Our Strategy

Our goal is to become a leading producer of conductive inks for digital electronic printing applications. Our strategy is to concentrate our efforts on mass production applications opportunities by selling inks to be used in mass production printers with high throughputs and high consumption of inks per year. We are currently striving to apply our “Complete Solution” or “End-to-End” Approach, in which we will supply our customers with equipment, process and inks for their applications. We intend to provide a service to customers by not only selling inks, but also securing equipment suitable for implementation in their production lines, including Digiflex printers, and by working with them to develop the production processes suitable to the relevant applications and their needs (including printing strategy, printing temperature, sintering temperatures and time).

To date, we have generated limited sales and market our products primarily online presence and printed electronics exhibitions. However, we are also working on supplying conductive dispersions and inks based on our nano metal particles (Sicrys™) that may yield additional sales.

A significant amount of our expenditures will be used to implement our “Complete Solution Approach” for mass production processes. During 2019, we started to supply inks to three printers which have been installed and expect the number of printers to grow over 2021. The installed printers have capacities to consume up to 100-200 kg ink per year. During 2021, we expect that our current customers will install additional printers with capacity of 400-1000 kg ink per year. We are also considering different business models to allow us to quickly and efficiently implement the “Complete Solution Approach”.

In addition, we are continuing our efforts to:

We have several development consortiums in the framework of the European Horizon 2020, an R&D support program in Europe, which provides grants for research and development, including to companies in Israel which are a part of the organization. The grants will be used to expand our knowhow and network through research and development that we commit to, the costs of which will be reimbursed in part by European Horizon 2020. Two consortiums have been successfully finalized during 2019 and 2020 (HIPERLAM and DigiMan).

The DigiMan project commenced its activities in December 2018 and was successfully finished in November 2020. The goal of the project was to develop digitally printed sensors in a roll-to-roll continuous digital printing system. The partners in this project were commercial companies and research entities in Israel, Germany and Russia. Namely, Chemnitz University (Germany), National Research Nuclear University (Russia), MEPHI (Russia), IKTS (Germany), Kerafol Keramische Folien (Germany) and CPC (Israel).

Additional projects have been approved for financing in 2019 and 2020 which are active:

Competition

The digital electronic printing and inkjet conductive ink manufacturing industries are extremely competitive. We are currently aware of various existing products in the market and in development that may compete with our products and technologies. To our knowledge, more than twenty other companies are currently developing silver-based inkjet inks for PE digital electronic inkjet printing applications. Some of these companies already sell conductive inkjet inks for PE applications. Of those, to our knowledge, no other company claims to have metallization inkjet inks for silicon nitride-based PV applications. We are aware of at least eight companies seeking to develop copper-based inks for inkjet printing, including NovaCentrix Corp, Hitachi Chemical Co. Ltd., IntrinsiQ Materials Ltd., Cuprochimique NV, Promethean Particles Ltd., Copprint Technologies Ltd., Printcb Ltd and Nanotec Electronic U.S. Inc. However, to our knowledge none of our competitors has copper based low viscosity inks compatible with digital printing in mass production and at a commercially viable price and quantity.

We believe that a number of other companies and entities, that we are not completely familiar with, claim to be able to supply nano silver particles, dispersions or inks. These include, but not limited to:

To our knowledge, our competitors’ inks differ substantially from our inks. We believe that our inks have the following competitive advantages, relative to those currently being sold by our competitors, especially when aiming to print on mass production applications and throughputs:

Furthermore, we believe that there is a high barrier to entry for competitors to develop and successfully bring competing inks to market due to the long lead times required to develop nano particles of an appropriate size to formulate inks compatible with inkjet printing and the difficulty in producing nano-based inks in large-scale quantities. Moreover, in order to be suitable for use in a silicon nitride solar cell metallization process, nano-based inks require the use of additional additives. These additives are not readily commercially available, and we have an exclusive license for these additives from IKTS, which developed them especially for our inks. Pursuant to the license, IKTS has agreed to manufacture for us these ingredients in a limited quantity per year. If we require greater quantities, IKTS has agreed to transfer the production file and knowhow to our chosen manufacturer. We are required to pay royalties of $25 per kg of these ingredients which will not be manufactured by IKTS. In addition, we are obligated to pay a minimum annual royalty of €2,000 ($2,247 based on the exchange rate of $1.00 / €0.89 in effect as of December 31, 2019) deductible against royalties due. To date, we have acquired the needed quantities of these ingredients solely from IKTS.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. Mergers and acquisitions in the conductive ink industry may result in even more resources being concentrated in our competitors. As a result, these companies may be more effective in selling and marketing their products. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large, established companies. Competition may increase further as a result of advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in this industry. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring, or licensing on an exclusive basis, products that are more effective or less costly than our current or future products or technologies, or achieve earlier patent protection, product commercialization, and market penetration than we do. Additionally, technologies developed by our competitors may render our potential products and technologies uneconomical or obsolete, and we may not be successful in marketing our products and technologies against competitors.

System Competition to our Digiflex Printer

To our knowledge, most print producers offer printers that can print one or two prints at a time and do not have the additional capabilities that the Digiflex printers include, such as drying, laser sintering and inspection. We note that one of our competitors, Nano Dimension Ltd (Nasdaq: NNDM), focuses on the 3D PCB prototype market, using silver & Dielectric inks to print at very low speeds.

Research and Development Agreements, License Agreements and Material Contracts

We are engaged in R&D programs with the Authority, pursuant to the Encouragement of Research, Development and Technological Innovation in the Industry Law 5744-1984 (formerly known as the Law for the Encouragement of Research and Development in Industry 5744-1984), and the regulations promulgated thereunder. Under the terms of these programs, we are required to pay to a royalty of 3.0% of sales of products resulting from research and development partially financed by the Authority. However, such royalty obligations will not exceed the grant amount received, as linked to the U.S. dollar and including accrued interest at the LIBOR rate. The obligation to pay these royalties is contingent on actual sales of the products and in the absence of such sales, no payment is required. During 2019, 2018 and 2017, we paid royalties to the Authority in the amount of $2,091, $2,551 and $305, respectively. The total grants we and Nano Size received as of December 31, 2019 aggregated to $1,150,559. Our total contingent liability (including interest) as of December 31, 2019 with respect to royalty-bearing participation received, net of royalties paid, amounted to $1,472,856. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, Digiflex, received grants for research and development efforts from the Authority in an aggregate amount of approximately $2.2 million, out of which an amount of approximately $1.1 million was repaid to the Authority by Jet CU PCB Ltd (“Jet CU”) as a result of their technology and know-how sale to a foreign company which was authorized by the Authority and resulted in such payment in January 2018. The contingent remaining liability (after additional payments) was reduced to approximately $1.0 million.

Term Sheet with Large Chemical Pharmaceutical Company.

In April 2018, we entered into a non-binding term sheet with a large chemical pharmaceutical company, subject to the execution of a supply agreement, which sets forth the key terms for the supply of nano silver particle dispersions to such company pursuant to purchase orders to be supplied by such company to us. Pursuant to the term sheet, the Company will grant such company an exclusive license to use the ink it will purchase in such company’s decorative applications. The term sheet is in effect for three (3) years.

Intellectual Property

An important part of our business and product development strategy is to seek, when appropriate, protection for our products and proprietary technology through the use of various United States and foreign patents. Our patent application covering silver single crystal particle inks and dispersions have been granted in China, Russia, Japan, Europe, India, Israel, Korea, Brazil and the U.S. We currently have patent applications pending in the European Union and Israel supporting our silver-based inks. We have patent applications based on PCT/IB2015/051536, relating to copper-based ink, filed on March 3, 2015, which have been submitted to national phase and has been granted in the Russia and United States and are pending in additional countries. We have an approved joint patent with Ramot (Tel Aviv University) for “Conductive Nanowire Films” (WO 2013/128458, US 9,373,515 B2) which Ramot maintains pursuant to the termination settlement of the Magneton Program.

The silver family (granted in the United States (9,556,350), Russia (RU 2593311), China (CN 103282969), Europe (2649621), Israel (226665), India (324986), Korea (10-1932781), Brazil (11 2013 013885-8 A2)and Japan (JP 6067573 & JP 6363138)) main claims are on the concentrated dispersions and inks made of a majority of single crystal Nano silver particles and the method for producing them. The single crystal particles are easy to police against infringement. The priority date is December 6, 2010.

The copper family relates to nano-metric copper formulations and stable dispersions containing single-crystal metallic copper particles, and to the method of producing such formulations and dispersions. It is in national phase in the United Kingdom, Europe, Brazil, India, South Korea, Japan, China, Israel, Russia and the United States. The priority date is March 3, 2015. The patent has been granted in the United States (1/1/2019 number 10,166,602).

In 2013, we submitted a joint patent with Tel Aviv University: Device and process to make transparent conductive coatings based on very high aspect ratio nano-wires, which form on the substrate: US 9,373,515 B2 Conductive Nanowires Films.

Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Nano Size, has been granted several patents in the field of ultrasonic manufacturing of nano materials (7,157,058 (US); 7,504,075 (US); 144638 (IL); 149932 (IL)). We do not believe that these patents are material to our business. We intend to continue to seek patent protection for our products that we may develop in the future.

Digiflex has been granted several patents for inks, primers and primer lamination in the field of graphic arts in several countries, including, but not limited to, the United States, European Union, Canada, China, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Germany, India and Israel. These include: Process for Producing a Photomask on a Photopolymeric Surface; USA 9,513,551 and 12 countries and Process for Dry-coating of Flexographic Surfaces; USA 9,352,544.

The patenting of technology-related products and processes involves uncertain and complex legal and factual questions. To date, no consistent policy has emerged regarding the breadth of claims of such technology patents. Therefore, there is no assurance that our pending applications will issue, or what scope of protection any issued patents will provide, or whether any such patents ultimately will be upheld as valid by a court of competent jurisdiction in the event of a legal challenge. The costs of such proceedings would be significant and an unfavorable outcome could result in the loss of rights to the invention at issue in the proceedings. If we fail to obtain patents for our technology and are required to rely on unpatented proprietary technology, there is no assurance that we can protect our rights in such unpatented proprietary technology, or that others will not independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary products and techniques, or otherwise gain access to our proprietary technology.

Competitors have filed applications for, or have been issued patents, and may obtain additional patents and proprietary rights relating to products or processes used in, necessary to, competitive with, or otherwise related to, our patents. The scope and validity of these patents, and the extent to which we may be required to obtain licenses under these patents or under other proprietary rights and the cost and availability of licenses is unknown. This may limit our ability to license our technology. Litigation concerning these or other patents could be protracted and expensive. If suit were brought against us for patent infringement, a challenge in the suit by us as to the validity of the other patent would have to overcome a legal presumption of validity. There can be no assurance that the validity of the patent would not be upheld by the court or that, in such event, a license of the patent to us would be available. Moreover, even if a license were available, the payments that would be required are unknown and could materially reduce the value of our interest in the affected products.

We also rely upon unpatented trade secrets. No assurances can be given that others will not independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or disclose such technology or that we can meaningfully protect our rights to our unpatented trade secrets. We require our employees, consultants, advisors, and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information, or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements with us, which provide that all confidential information developed or made known to the individual during the course of the relationship is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. In the case of employees and consultants, the agreements provide that all inventions conceived by the individual will be our exclusive property or will be assigned to us. There is no assurance, however, that these agreements will provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of such information.

Marketing and Sales

We currently have a small marketing and sales operation consisting of two full-time employees (Chief Business Development Officer and Inside Sales Manager). In addition, our Chief Executive Officer generally devotes a portion of his efforts to increasing awareness of, and marketing, our products. We are already working with distributors in the United States, South Korea, Italy, Japan and China and intend to collaborate with additional third-party distributors and sales agents with established sales and marketing operations and industry experience to market our inks. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to enter into distribution and/or sales agency agreements on terms acceptable to us or at all, or that such distributors or sales agents will be successful in marketing our inks. We are not currently aiming to expand the Digiflex graphics arts fields, as we transition and integrate its printers into the electronics field. As such we are not yet marketing these printers for the graphic arts field and just have started to market them for the electronics field now.

Seasonality

Our business and operations are generally not affected by seasonal fluctuations or factors.

Raw Materials and Suppliers

We believe that the raw materials that we require to manufacture our inks are readily available in adequate quantities from multiple sources, except that certain additives required to make our inks suitable for use in solar cell metallization processes are not are not readily commercially available, and we have an exclusive license for these additives from IKTS as described above under “—Research and Development Agreements, License Agreements and Material Contracts.” In addition, the manufacturing process for our silver-based inks utilizes a silver salt the price of which is linked to the price of silver. The price of silver is affected by numerous factors beyond our control, including inflation, fluctuation of the United States dollar and foreign currencies, global and regional demand, speculative activities by commodities traders and others and the political and economic conditions of major silver producing countries throughout the world. See “Item 3 D. — Risk Factors — We are subject to risks resulting from fluctuations in the price of silver.”

Manufacturing

We manufacture our inks at our Migdal Ha’Emek facilities. We currently have capacity to produce an estimated two (2) tons of ink per year, and intend to upgrade our facilities (at an estimated cost of $500,000) to increase production capacity to 19 tons per year, if and when demand for our inks is projected to surpass our production capabilities and we have sufficient financing to do so. In the event that demand for our inks outgrows our internal manufacturing capacity, we intend to engage third-party manufacturers to produce additional inks. There can be no assurance that we will be able to enter into agreements with qualified manufacturers on terms acceptable to us, or at all, or that, once contracted, such manufacturers will perform as expected.

Government Regulation

We are subject to various environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and permitting requirements, including those governing the emission and discharge of hazardous materials into ground, air or water; noise emissions, the generation, storage, use, management and disposal of hazardous waste; the registration of chemicals and in the future also import and export; the clean-up of contaminated sites; and the health and safety of our employees. Under such laws and regulations, we are required to obtain environmental permits from governmental authorities for certain operations. The manufacture of our products requires storing or using certain hazardous materials. Pursuant to the Israeli Dangerous Substances Law - 1993, we are required to (and did) obtain a toxin permit from the Ministry of Environmental Protection. Our permit is valid until November 5, 2021.

Other than applicable local laws in Israel relating to the handling and disposal of hazardous materials and waste, there are no government regulations that are material to the conduct of our business. If we establish manufacturing operations in other jurisdictions, we expect to become subject to environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and permitting requirements in those jurisdictions, which may be similar to or more onerous than those described above.

C. Organizational structure

We have three (3) wholly owned subsidiaries, Nano Size Ltd., or Nano Size, a private company organized under the laws of the state of Israel which we acquired on December 31, 2009, Digiflex, which we acquired on December 3, 2017. Additionally, we indirectly own, through Digiflex, two (2) subsidiaries of Digiflex, one in the USA (Digiflex Inc.) and one in Hong Kong, Digiflex HK Limited, which was inactive since inception and materially dissolved during March 2019 and Jet CU, a private company organized under the laws of the state of Israel which we acquired on July 26, 2020.

D. Property, plants and equipment

We currently lease, through Nano Size, approximately 7,300 square feet of space in Migdal Ha’Emek, Israel for our principal offices and manufacturing facilities at a monthly cost of approximately NIS 15,493 ($4,483). Those current lease agreements expires on June 30, 2022.

Additionally, Digiflex leased approximately 2,900 square feet of space at 6 Yad Haruzim, Kfar Saba, Israel for its principal office and laboratory at a monthly cost of approximately NIS 12,500 ($3,617). This lease was mutually ended on March 15, 2020. Digiflex currently lease approximately 1,200 square feet of space in Migdal Ha’Emek, Israel for its principal office and laboratory at a monthly cost of approximately NIS 5,000 ($1,447). This lease agreement expires on September 14, 2021.

We currently own production equipment, housed in our Migdal Ha’Emek facilities, capable of producing up to two (2) tons of ink per year. We intend to upgrade our facilities (at an estimated cost of $500,000) to increase production capacity to 20 tons per year, if and when demand for our inks is projected to surpass our production capabilities.

ITEM 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments.

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.

A. Operating results

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with “Item 3 A. — Selected Financial Data” above and our consolidated financial statements and related notes that appear elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F, particularly in the sections titled “Item 3 D. — Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

We are a conductive ink manufacturing company focused on developing, manufacturing, marketing and commercializing conductive inks for digital conductive printing applications (mainly inkjet and aerosol printing technologies). We have developed the Sicrys™ family of single crystal nano-metric conductive inks, which we believe enables a significantly less costly and less wasteful alternative to current screen printing and, in some cases, photolithography etching processes for photovoltaic (PV) and printed electronics (PE) applications. Our main strategy includes providing a “complete solution” to our costumer, meaning we provide the printing equipment, process and inks as a package. In some cases we subsidize the printer, thus implementing a razor blade model). We also adapt our basic inks to specific customer requirements. We began low volume sales of our Sicrys™ silver-based inks for PV and PE applications in 2010 and are in the process of seeking to expand our sales efforts to include sales of Sicrys™ inks for a wider range of PE applications, including for the printing of windshields in automotive applications, circuit boards, mobile phone antennas, 3D printed electronic devices, radio-frequency identification chips, sensors and touchscreens, among other digitally printed electronics. We have also developed what we believe is the first available commercially viable copper-based nano-metric ink for mass-production of printed electronics. We believe that copper inks represent a significant improvement over silver-based inks given copper’s significantly lower cost and nearly identical electrical and conductive properties. We began low volume sales of our copper-based ink for printed electronics applications in the second half of 2014. The sales of our Sicryssilver inks have continued to increase from 2018 to 2020 through 2019.

Notwithstanding the effects of COVID-19, our business (sales and projects) has continued to grow through 2020 (incomes from sales almost doubled in 2020 to over $800,000 and grants for R&D consortiums have passed $500,000). Our growth has been limited (sales grew less than expected) due to slow down of our customers and partners, and also due to traveling constrains imposed by governments due to COVID-19. Two of our main customers have purchased inks and services from us much less than forecasted and expected. Our plans to upgrade our DemonJet printers, develop the inks and technologies to print passive components have been slowed down due to the reduction of activities of our partners in Europe and reduced available resources. One of our employees has been put in unpaid leave and we have reduced the team by two team members. Due to the COVID-19 influence on the world economics, silver prices (our main raw material have increased substantially (from 17.1 US$/oz in January 2019 to 24.08 US$/oz in December 14 2020, https://ycharts.com/indicators/silver price). Until now we have managed to raise our product prices to counter effect this price increase of silver. We have started to test the anti-viral activity of our nano particles. First tests have shown positive results but these tests have not been completed yet.

Financial Overview

We have incurred net losses since our inception in 2009, including a net loss of approximately $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $21.0 million. We have devoted substantially all of our financial resources to identifying, acquiring, licensing, and developing our products and technologies and providing general and administrative support for these operations. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity and convertible securities and government grants. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of our future expenditures and our ability to generate significant revenues via commercialization of our products or technologies. We are dependent upon external sources to finance our operations and there can be no assurance that we will succeed in obtaining the necessary financing to continue our operations. As a result, our independent registered public accounting firm has expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth a summary of our operating results:

Year ended December 31, 2019, compared to year ended December 31, 2018:

Revenues

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, total revenues amounted to $478,520 and $460,739, respectively, an increase of $17,781 or 4%. The slight increase in revenues related primarily to organic growth year over year in PVN due to the sales of more Inks and engineering service which was introduced in 2019, partially offset by a decrease in Digiflex business, as the Digiflex business is not consistent with our shift towards printed electronics technology. Therefore, we expect this decrease trend to continue. Our revenues continued to grow significantly in 2020.

Cost of revenues

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, total cost of revenues amounted to $236,493 and $388,265, respectively, a decrease of $151,772 or 39%. The decrease as a percentage of revenues or the increase in the gross margin is due to on-going efforts to optimize and improve our production process (higher yields per raw materials, workforce and lower costs) as well as increases in the prices of some products.

Amortization of intangible assets

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, total amortization of intangible assets amounted to $428,431 and $470,773, respectively, a decrease of $42,342 or 9%. We recorded Technology and Backlog as Intangible assets as part of the Digiflex purchase as of December 3, 2017 and commenced amortizing both on that date over ten (10) years and one (1) year, respectively. The slight decrease relates to the fact that the Backlog amortization ended on December 2, 2018.

Gross loss

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, total gross loss amounted to $186,404 and $398,299, respectively, a decrease of $211,895 or 53%. The decrease related to an increase of $17,781 in revenues, a decrease of $151,772 in cost of revenues and a decrease of $42,342 in amortization of intangible assets.

Research and development expenses, net

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, net research and development expenses, were $731,021, net of $256,423 grants received and $775,643, net of $314,652 grants received, respectively, a decrease of $44,622 or 6%, respectively. The decrease in research and development related primarily to lower workforce which was partially offset by lower grants year over year. Over the last few years, we have succeeded to build several network projects which helped us with research and development efforts and at the same time resulted in receiving supporting research and development grants.

Sales and marketing expenses

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, sales and marketing expenses amounted to $673,983 and $550,008, respectively, an increase of $123,975 or 23%. The increase in sales and marketing expenses related primarily to additional workforce year over year.

General and administrative expenses

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, general and administrative expenses amounted to $1,319,239 and $1,297,711, respectively, an increase of $21,528 or 2%. The increase in general and administrative expenses related primarily to additional workforce year over year.

Goodwill impairment

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, goodwill impairment amounted to $0 and $161,381, respectively. The goodwill was recorded as part of the Digiflex purchase as of December 3, 2017. We adopted the quantitative goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of its reporting unit with its carrying value. The result of that test as of December 31, 2019 was that the fair value was greater than the reporting unit’s carrying value and therefore no goodwill impairment was recorded as of that date while as of December 31, 2018 the reporting unit’s carrying value was greater than its fair value and as a result, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $161,381 and presented such charge as a separate line item within its statement of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Operating expenses

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, operating expenses amounted to $2,724,243 and $2,784,743 respectively, a decrease of $60,500 or 2%. The decrease related to a decrease of $161,381 in goodwill impairment and $44,622 in research and development, net, partially offset by an increase of $123,975 in sales and marketing expenses and an increase of $21,528 in general and administrative expenses.

Operating loss

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, operating loss amounted to $2,910,647 and $3,183,042, respectively, a decrease of $272,395 or 9%. The decrease in operating loss related to a decrease of $211,895 in gross loss and a decrease of $60,500 in operating expenses.

Financial expenses (income), net

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, financial expenses (income), net, amounted to $1,042,358 and ($1,210,484). The change in financial expenses (income), net relates primarily to a change in fair value of warrants and capital note presented at fair value of $2,246,936, partially offset by a decrease of $69,110 in financial expenses in connection with convertible loans.

Net loss

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, net loss amounted to $3,953,005 and $1,972,558, respectively, an increase of $1,980,447 or 100%. The increase in net loss related to an increase of $2,252,842 in financial expenses (income), net, partially offset by a decrease of $272,395 in operating loss.

Year ended December 31, 2018, compared to year ended December 31, 2017:

Revenues

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, total revenues amounted to $460,739 and $88,691, respectively, an increase of $372,048 or 420%. The increase in revenues relates to the fact that during 2018 we recorded Digiflex activities for the entire year within our statement of operations while in previous year we recorded such activities only commencing the purchase date (December 3, 2017 through December 31, 2017) as well as an organic growth in the Company’s revenues.

Cost of revenues

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, total cost of revenues amounted to $388,265 and $94,238, respectively, an increase of $294,027 or 312%. The increase is consistent with the increase in revenues.

Amortization of intangible assets

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, total amortization of intangible assets amounted to $470,773 and $37,694, respectively, an increase of $433,079 or 1,149%. This amortization was recorded as a result of the intangible assets that were acquired as part of the Digiflex acquisition. The increase relates to the fact that during 2018 the Company recorded an amortization for the entire year while in previous year only commencing the purchase date (December 3, 2017 through December 31, 2017).

Gross loss

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, total gross loss amounted to $398,299 and $43,241, respectively, an increase of $355,058 or 821%. The increase related to an increase of $433,079 in amortization of intangible assets and $294,027 in cost of revenues, partially offset by an increase of $372,048 in revenues.

Research and development expenses, net

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, net research and development expenses, were $775,643, net of $314,652 grants received and $404,891, net of $382,134 grants received, respectively, an increase of $370,752 or 92%, respectively. The increase in the net research and development costs relates primarily to the fact that during 2018 we recorded Digiflex activities for the entire year within our statement of operations while in previous year we recorded such activities only commencing the purchase date (December 3, 2017 through December 31, 2017). Those purchased activities contain, among other thing, additional employees who joined the Group which resulted in an additional salaries and related year over year.

Sales and marketing expenses

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, sales and marketing expenses amounted to $550,008 and $480,963, respectively, an increase of $69,045 or 14%. The increase in sales and marketing expenses relates primarily to the fact that during 2018 we recorded Digiflex activities for the entire year within our statement of operations while in the previous year we recorded such activities only commencing the purchase date (December 3, 2017 through December 31, 2017). Those purchased activities contain, among other thing, additional employees who joined the Group which resulted in an additional salaries and related year over year.

General and administrative expenses

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, general and administrative expenses amounted to $1,297,711 and $1,227,632, respectively, an increase of $70,079 or 6%. The increase in general and administrative expenses relates primarily to the fact that during 2018 we recorded Digiflex activities for the entire year within our statement of operations while in previous year we recorded such activities only commencing the purchase date (December 3, 2017 through December 31, 2017), partially offset by a decrease in the Company’s professional services. Those purchased activities contain, among other thing, additional employees who joined the Group which resulted in an additional salaries and related year over year.

Goodwill impairment

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, goodwill impairment amounted to $161,381 and $0, respectively. The goodwill was recorded as part of the Digiflex purchase as of December 3, 2017. We adopted ASU 2017-04, the quantitative goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of its reporting unit with its carrying value. The results of this test were that the reporting unit’s carrying value was greater than its fair value and as a result, we recorded an impairment charge of $161,381 which equal to the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value.

Acquisition related costs

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, acquisition related costs amounted to $0 and $750,956, respectively. The acquisition related costs during the year ended December 31, 2017 related to finder’s fee in connection with the Digiflex acquisition. Such amount includes the following: (1) $675,926 representing the fair value of warrants granted and (2) $75,030 cash payment.

Operating expenses

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, operating expenses amounted to $2,784,743 and $2,864,442 respectively, a decrease of $79,699 or 3%. The decrease related to a decrease of $750,956 in acquisition related costs, partially offset by an increase of $370,752 in research and development, net, $161,381 in goodwill impairment, $70,079 in general and administrative expenses and $69,045 in sales and marketing expenses.

Operating loss

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, operating loss amounted to $3,183,042 and $2,907,683, respectively, an increase of $275,359 or 10%. The increase in operating loss related to an increase of $355,058 in gross loss, partially offset by a decrease of $79,699 in operating expenses.

Financial income, net

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, financial income, net, amounted to $1,210,484 and $63,778, respectively, an increase of $1,146,706 or 1,798%. The increase in financial income, net relates primarily to an increase of $1,788,434 in the change in the fair value of warrants and capital notes presented at fair value, partially offset by an increase of $737,387 in Interest and accretion back in connection with convertible loans.

Net loss

With respect to the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, net loss amounted to $1,972,558 and $2,843,905, respectively, a decrease of $871,347 or 31%. The decrease in net loss related to an increase of $1,146,706 in financial income, net, partially offset by an increase in operating loss of $275,359.

Summary of Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Critical accounting policies are those that are the most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations, and that require our most difficult, subjective and complex judgments. While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our consolidated financial statements, our most critical accounting policies, mentioned below, pertain to revenue recognition and Fair value of financial instruments. Estimates, by their nature, are based upon judgments and information currently available to us. The estimates that we make are based upon historical factors, current circumstances and the experience and judgment of management. We evaluate our assumptions and estimates on an ongoing basis.

Revenue recognition

For information with respect to revenue recognition, see Note 2.i. to the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.

Fair value of financial instruments

For information with respect to fair value of financial instruments, see Note 2.p. to the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For information with respect to recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 2.t. to the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.

Share-Based Compensation and Liabilities Presented at Fair Value

Ordinary Share Valuations

The fair value of the ordinary shares was used to determine the value of the warrants presented as a liability and share-based compensation. The following table sets forth the fair value of our ordinary shares as of the following dates:

Up to mid-2019, the fair value of our ordinary shares was determined by our management. Even though we are a publicly traded company, our ordinary shares were traded at a very low volume and therefore we concluded that our traded ordinary share fair value does not represent a reliable fair value. As such, we selected a market approach and relied primarily on the late 2018 third-parties convertible loans transactions to determine our ordinary share fair value which was utilized as the basis for our warrants and options fair value calculations. Our management exercised significant judgment and considered numerous objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of our ordinary shares in that period. Commencing mid-end 2019, our ordinary shares were traded at a decent volume and therefore we relied on the stock trading fair value.

Option Valuations

Under U.S. GAAP, we account for share-based compensation for employees and others in accordance with the provisions of the FASB’s ASC Topic 718 “Compensation—Stock Based Compensation,” or ASC 718, which requires us to measure the cost of options based on the fair value of the award on the grant date.

We selected the Black-Scholes option pricing model as the most appropriate method for determining the estimated fair value of options. The resulting cost of an equity incentive award is recognized as an expense over the requisite service period of the award, which is usually the vesting period. We recognize compensation expense over the vesting period using the straight-line method and classify these amounts in the consolidated financial statements based on the department to which the related employee reports.

The determination of the grant date fair value of options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model is affected by estimates and assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables are estimated as follows:

If any of the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model change significantly, share-based compensation for future awards may differ materially compared with the awards previously granted.

The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of options granted to employees, officers and consultants during the periods presented.

Liabilities Presented at Fair Value

Some of our warrants are classified as liabilities in accordance with ASC No. 815-40, “Distinguishing Liabilities From Equity”. Accordingly, these warrants are required to be marked to market at each reporting date.

We estimated the fair value of these warrants and such conversion feature using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, which is affected by estimates and assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables are estimated as follows:

In addition, the conversion feature of the Capital Note (as defined in “Item 7 B. — Related Party Transactions”) issued to a shareholder, is required to be marked to market at each reporting date. We estimated the fair value of the Capital Note by taking into account the expected occurrence of certain trigger events (such as Public Offering or M&A), multiplied by the value in a probability that the event will occur (based on our subjective assumptions) and discounting the value in an appropriate discount factor (based on the weighted average cost of capital of the Company) for a period of two (2) years.

Reporting Currency

Our functional currency is the U.S. Dollar, although substantial portion of our costs are incurred in NIS. We finance our operations mainly in U.S. dollars and a substantial portion of our costs and revenues from its primary markets are anticipated to be incurred and generated in U.S. dollars. As such, we believe that the U.S. dollar is the currency of the primary economic environment in which we operate.

Transactions and balances that are denominated in dollars are presented at their original amounts. Non-dollar transactions and balances have been re-measured to dollars in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 830, “Foreign Currency Matters”. All foreign currency transaction gains and losses are reflected in the statements of operations as financial income or expenses, as appropriate.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

We currently have limited liquidity. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, our cash and cash equivalents on hand was $34,382 and $144,948, respectively. Based on our current cash burn rate, strategy and operating plan, we believe that our cash reserves as of December 31, 2020, will enable us to operate for a period of approximately two (2) months. In order to fund our anticipated liquidity needs beyond such period (or possibly earlier if our current cash burn rate, strategy or operating plan change in a way that accelerates or increases our liquidity needs), we will need to raise additional capital.

Cash flow resulting from financing activities:

To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity and convertible securities as well as through government grants.

On October 10, 2018, we entered into a Convertible Loan Agreement with GTRIMG, or the GTRIMG Convertible Loan Agreement. Pursuant to the GTRIMG Convertible Loan Agreement, GTRIMG loaned us an initial amount of $1,000,000, or the Initial Loan Amount, structured as a 24 month- convertible loan or less in case of a public offering of our shares, bearing interest at Israeli prime plus 4% per annum. Under the terms of the GTRIMG Convertible Loan Agreement, GTRIMG was granted an option to lend us an additional amount of up to $2,000,000, or the Additional Loan Amount, out of which we received up to the date of this report an amount aggregated to $1,266,748 in several installments (all of such loans matured in October 2020). We also granted GTRIMG a warrant to purchase ordinary shares for an aggregate purchase price of $5,000,000, and an additional warrant conditioned upon the investment of an Additional Loan Amount to purchase ordinary shares for an aggregate purchase price of up to $5,000,000 calculated pro-rata to the amount out of Additional Loan Amount provided. As of the date of this report, an amount of $3,166,870 of the purchase price of the additional warrant has become exercisable. The conversion price for both the Initial Loan Amount, the Additional Loan Amount and the warrants shall be as calculated as set forth below but shall not fall below $0.17 per share:

Whereas

“CP” – shall mean the Conversion Price

“CPR” – shall mean the Conversion Price Ratio

“Closing NAV” – shall mean the Total Shareholders’ Equity, as recorded in the most recent audited financial statements of the Company reported by the Company prior to the Closing Date, i.e. ($2,802,720 as per the 2017 audited consolidated financial statements)

“Conversion NAV” – shall mean the Total Shareholders’ Equity, as recorded in the most recent audited financial statements of the Company reported by the Company prior to the Notice of Conversion.

“NI” – additional cash equity invested in the Company after the Closing Date and prior to the Conversion Date which was included in the most recent audited financial statements of the Company reported by the Company prior to the Notice of Conversion, provided that any changes in the Shareholders Equity due to other transactions which are not cash investments, i.e. changes due to merger, share swap, sale of assets etc. shall not be deducted under the NI. The CP shall not be affected by the transactions contemplated hereunder (i.e. by the Loan Amounts or the Warrants)

Accordingly,

CPR = (Conversion NAV – NI) / Closing NAV

And CP= $0.27 X CPR, but not less than $0.17

On December 31, 2019, the Company and GTRIMG entered into a memorandum of understanding, or the MOU, pursuant to which GTRIMG agreed to provide additional loans to the Company and GTRIMG would receive additional Warrants. The MOU also provided for certain amendments to the existing Convertible Loan Agreement. We agreed to adopt a forecast, providing that, during 2020 grants, plus revenues, plus convertible loans (other than those received from GTRIMG) less liabilities on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 should not be less than $2,500,000, or the Management Minimum Forecast, out of which $1,250,000 shall be available in our bank account as of March 31, 2020, or the Target. Under the MOU, GTRIMG agreed to provide an additional loan as of the execution of the MOU in the amount of $150,000 under the existing Convertible Loan Agreement, or the Initial MOU Loan.

In addition, the MOU provides that if we fail to meet the Target, then: (a) the Company’s valuation for purposes of all investments after January 1, 2018 shall be $2.0 million pre-money as of such date, thereby reflecting a price per share of $0.068, and (b) GTRIMG shall make loans to the Company of $100,000 per month for a period of 12 months commencing April 1, 2020, and under the same terms as the Convertible Loan Agreement, as adjusted under (a) above, or the Additional MOU Loans; provided, that following each six month period, GTRIMG may review whether the Company has complied with the Management Minimum Forecast as defined therein, and if it was not met for any six month period (beginning with the six month period ended June 30, 2020), then, three months after such review, GTRIMG may determine not to fund additional amounts.

Furthermore, under the MOU, we agreed to call a meeting of shareholders within 15 days of the date of the MOU in order to approve (i) the transactions contemplated by the MOU, (ii) an amendment to the articles of association of the Company to provide that GTRIMG may appoint a number of directors as shall reflect its holding should the Target not be met (assuming all convertible loans are converted) and (iii) an increase in authorized share capital as necessary. The Company also agreed to immediately appoint a representative of GTRIMG as chairman of the board of directors.

In January 2020, GTRIMG made the Initial MOU Loan.

In March 2021, the Company directors received a notice before legal action letter from GTRIMG’s lawyer associated with their previous agreements (including the MOU mentioned above). The main request derives from this letter is to convert all the CLA so far at a price per share of $0.068. Due to the early stage of this letter, we are in a process of assessing its consequences.

In December 2020, we called a meeting of shareholders in accordance with the terms of the MOU and the transactions contemplated by the MOU were not approved by our shareholders. Accordingly, we believe that the terms of the MOU are no longer binding.

All of the convertible loans received from GTRIMG were required to be repaid by October 2020. GTRIMG did not exercise its conversion right under the convertible loans prior to their repayment date and therefore became repayable in cash as such time. We did not timely repay such loans due to financial difficulties and therefore we are currently in default under the Convertible Loan Agreement.

For additional information regarding how we financed our operations, please refer to Note 8 and Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements appear elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F for information regarding our loans and convertible loans and sale of equity, respectively.

We expect to continue to fund our operations through equity or debt financings, strategic collaborations, grants and, to the extent our marketing and commercialization efforts are successful, sales of our products or technologies.

We have experienced cumulative losses of $21.0 million from inception through December 31, 2019. In addition, we have not yet established a stable recurring source of revenues sufficient to cover our operating costs and expect to continue to generate losses for the foreseeable future. There is no assurance that we will be able to obtain an adequate level of financing needed for our near-term requirements or the long-term development and commercialization of our product. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a “going concern”.

Cash Flows

Net cash used in operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $1,979,138, $2,592,047 and $2,169,889, respectively, a decrease of $612,909 or 24% (from 2018 to 2019) and an increase of $422,158 or 19% (from 2017 to 2018). The decrease in net cash used in operating activities in 2019 relative to 2018 was primarily attributable to a change in fair value of warrants and capital note, partially offset by an increase in the net loss. The increase in net cash used in operating activities in 2018 relative to 2017 was primarily attributable to a change in fair value of warrants and capital note, partially offset by a decrease in the net loss.

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $(11,906), $(18,237) and $13,195, respectively, an increase of $6,331 or 34% (from 2018 to 2019) and a decrease of $31,432 (from 2017 to 2018). The increase in net cash used in investing activities in 2019 relative to 2018 was attributable to higher purchase of property and equipment. The decrease in net cash used in investing activities in 2018 relative to 2017 was attributable to higher purchase of property and equipment and net cash acquired in acquisition of Digiflex.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were $1,881,719, $2,304,221 and $2,496,157, respectively, a decrease of $422,502, or 18% and a decrease of $191,936, or 8% (from 2017 to 2018). The decrease in net cash provided by financing activities in 2019 relative to 2018 was primarily attributable to a change in in short term bank credit and a lower proceeds from convertible loans, net of issuance costs The decrease in net cash provided by financing activities in 2018 relative to 2017 is primarily attributable to lower proceeds from issuance of warrants and receipt on account of ordinary shares and warrants which were partially offset by higher proceeds from convertible loans, net of issuance costs.

C. Research and Development, patents and licenses, etc.

For information regarding our research and development activities, see “Item 4 B. — Business Overview” and “Item 5 A. — Operating Results”.

D. Trend Information

We are a development stage company and it is not possible for us to predict with any degree of accuracy the outcome of our research, development or commercialization efforts. As such, it is not possible for us to predict with any degree of accuracy any significant trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net sales or revenues, income from continuing operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause financial information to not necessarily be indicative of future operating results or financial condition. However, to the extent possible, certain trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments and events are in this “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

E. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2019, and as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F and during the periods presented, we do not and did not, respectively, have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

F. Tabular disclosure of contractual Obligations

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2019:

G. Safe Harbor.

This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act and as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

ITEM 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees.

A. Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and senior management team as of December 31, 2020, and the date of this annual report on Form 20-F.

The address of each of our directors and executive officers is c/o P.V. Nano Cell Ltd., 8 Hamasger Street Migdal Ha’Emek 2310102, Israel.

Dov Farkash has served as our executive chairman since April 2020. Mr. Farkash has more than 25 years of experience in business leadership and technology development in the Electronics industry. From January 2000 to September 2019 Mr. Farkash has served in a range of senior business leadership and technology development positions at Nova Measuring Instruments Ltd., including Senior Vice President Strategic Development, Senior Corporate Vice President Modeling Software Division, Vice President Sales and Vice President Business Development. Prior to joining Nova, Mr. Farkash served as worldwide Sales and Marketing Manager of AFCON Ltd., and AFCON Inc. in the USA. Prior to that, Mr. Farkash served in various software development managerial positions at various hi-tech companies. Mr. Farkash holds a B.Sc. in Computer Engineering and an MBA from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.

Dr. Fernando de la Vega co-founded PV Nano Cell Ltd. in 2009 and has served as our Chief Executive Officer and a Director of our board of directors since that time (and as a Chairman the majority of that time). Dr. de la Vega has more than 35 years industrial and entrepreneurial experience, having served in managerial positions with responsibility over research and development, quality and operations and has founded or co-founded several businesses in the fields of nano technology and functional materials. From 2001 to early 2009, Dr. de la Vega served as General Manager and a Director of Cima, a company focused on the development of innovative technologies in the field of flexible printed electronics. Dr. de la Vega also co-founded and, from 2003 through 2009, served as Chairman of the Nano Functional Materials Consortium, a five-year, $25 million research consortium which performed general research on nanotechnology, sponsored by Israel’s Office of the Authority as part of the MAGNET program, a special program intended to encourage cooperation between industry and academia. Dr. de la Vega has also co-founded three European research and development consortiums. He is a co-inventor of more than 11 patent families in the fields of nanomaterials and nanotechnology and author and co-author of many scientific and technical publications (including on conductive inks for inkjet printing). Dr. de la Vega holds a Ph.D. in Applied Chemistry from the Casali Institute at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, as well as a M.Sc. in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. in Chemistry from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Dr. Astorre Modena has served as a director of the Company since 2010. In 2005, he co-founded, and currently serves as General Partner of, Terra Venture Partners, an Israeli venture capital fund focused on clean technology. Prior to co-founding Terra Venture Partners, from 2001 to 2005, Dr. Modena was Associate and then Principal at Israel Seed Partners, a leading Israeli seed-stage venture capital firm. From 1998 to 2001, Dr. Modena was a consultant with McKinsey & Co., where he consulted for leading Italian, French and Israeli manufacturing and financial corporations on strategic and operational issues. Dr. Modena holds a Ph.D. in Plasma Physics from Imperial College in London and a B.Sc. in Physics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (where he was a part of the Honors Program for Outstanding Students). Dr. Modena was also a researcher in the laser-plasma physics department at Imperial College in London and École Polytechnique in Paris.

Orly Solomon has served as an external director of the Company since December 2017. Ms. Solomon is Chief Financial Officer of Inuitive Ltd. Ms. Solomon currently serves as Financial Director and Advisor to board of directors of Med and Beyond Ltd. Ms. Solomon served on the board of directors of Shikmona, a governmental and city owned corporation in Haifa from 2014 to 2017 as a director with financial expertise. From 2014 to 2016, Ms. Solomon served as Chief Financial Officer of Future Values Ltd. During 2013, Ms. Solomon served as Chief Executive Officer of D. Medical Industries Ltd. (NASDAQ /TASE: DMED). She was also the chairman of the board of directors of RSL Electronics Ltd. (TASE: RSL) from 2011 to 2012. From 2010 to 2012, Ms. Solomon served as Chief Financial Officer and Deputy to the Chief Executive Officer of Lito Group Ltd. (TASE: LTGR-M). From 2009 to 2010, Ms. Solomon served as co-founder and Chief Financial Officer of Atid Team, Israel. From 2006 to 2010, Ms. Solomon served as co-founder and a director of Altshuler Shacham Benefits Israel. Ms. Solomon holds an MBA in Finance and Economics from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, and a Bachelor of Science Accounting, with honors, from Rutgers University at Newark, New Jersey.

Ido Lapidot has served as an external director of the Company since December 2017. Mr. Lapidot is a “TRIZ- Effective Innovation” consultant for various companies, inter alia, Elbit, Verint, Edwards Lifesciences, Tama and HP. From 2016 to 2020, he is a partner at Next Leap Ventures, a former Intel employees investment club. From 2009 to 2016, Mr. Lapidot served as a Strategic Technologies Planner and TRIZ Program Leader at Intel R&D and Intel Labs. From 2008 to 2014, Mr. Lapidot served as an External Teacher for TRIZ and Systematic Innovation at Afeka College for Engineering, Israel. From 2005 to 2008, Mr. Lapidot served as LEAN Manufacturing and TRIZ Program Leader at Intel Corporate Services-EMEA. From 1995 to 2005, Mr. Lapidot served as Environment, Health and Safety Manager at Intel’s factories. Mr. Lapidot also serves as a director of Carrar, Nanofabrica, and Sanolla. Mr. Lapidot holds an MA in Environmental Science, a BA in Chemistry, and a B.A. in Atmospheric Science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a TRIZ L3 certification from MA-TRIZ GEN3 Partners.

Evyatar Cohen has served as our Chief Financial Officer since November 2017. Currently and prior to his appointment as our Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Cohen serves and has served as a Chief Financial Officer and financial consultant for several public companies traded in the United States, Israel and Europe as well as privately held companies. Mr. Cohen worked at PricewaterhouseCoopers in both the Tel-Aviv and New York. Mr. Cohen has gained vast experience in many industries such as high-tech, bio-tech, oil and gas, entertainment and media, and venture capital. Mr. Cohen holds a B.A. in Business Management from the College of Management in Israel with B.A in Business Management in 2000 and was awarded his Masters of Law degree from the Bar Ilan University, Israel in 2003. Mr. Cohen is a licensed and certified public accountant in both the United States and Israel.

Hanan Markovich has served as our Chief Business Development Officer since February 2019. Mr. Markovich is also a self-employed technology consultant. From 2017 to 2019, Mr. Markovich served as Chief Product & Marketing Officer of Robust E2C, a company focused on IoT framework solutions. Mr. Markovich also co-founded, and from 2015 through 2017, served as Chief Executive Officer of IllumaSense, a company that helps cities manage their infrastructure and gather information from the urban environment. Prior to co-founding IllumaSense, from 2014 to 2015, Mr. Markovich served as Executive Vice President Business Development of Gaash Lighting. Mr. Markovich holds a B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology and an MBA from the University of Haifa, Israel.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships between any members of our executive management and our directors.

B. Compensation

The table below reflects the compensation granted to our five most highly compensated office holders (as defined in the Companies Law) during or with respect to the year ended December 31, 2019. We refer to the five individuals for whom disclosure is provided herein as our “Covered Executives”. For purposes of the table below, “compensation” includes amounts accrued or paid in connection with salary cost, consultancy fees, bonuses, share-based compensation, retirement or termination payments, benefits and perquisites (as applicable) to provide such compensation. All amounts reported in the table are in terms of cost to the Company, as recognized in our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019, plus compensation paid to such Covered Executives following the end of the year in respect of services provided during the year. Each of the Covered Executives was covered by our director and officer liability insurance policy and was entitled to indemnification and exculpation in accordance with applicable law and our articles of association.

Compensation of Executive Officers and Directors as a Group

The aggregate compensation paid by us to our executive officers and directors for the year ended December 31, 2019, was approximately $621,571, including share-based compensation expenses of approximately $52,192. This amount does not include business travel, relocation, professional and business association dues and expenses reimbursed to officers, and other benefits commonly reimbursed or paid by companies in Israel. We did not set aside or accrue any amounts to provide pension, retirement or similar benefits to any officers or directors of the Company in the year ended December 31, 2019.

On January 7, 2020 and June 22, 2020, in connection with their services as board members, we issued options to purchase 9,225,796 ordinary shares at an exercise price per ordinary share of $0.068 to each of the following directors: Dov Farkash (was elected as our active chairman in April 19, 2020), Dr. Fernando de la Vega, Dr. Astorre Modena, Orly Solomon and Ido Lapidot. The options will vest over three (3) years, subject to earlier termination in accordance with our 2010 Israeli Option Plan, or the Plan.

We do not have any written agreements with any director providing for benefits upon the termination of such director’s relationship with our company, other than our consulting agreement with our chief executive officer as described below.

Our office holders are also employed under the terms and conditions prescribed in personal contracts. These personal contracts provide for notice periods of varying duration for termination of the agreement by us or by the relevant executive officer, during which time the executive officer will continue to receive base salary and benefits. These agreements also contain acceleration provisions upon material events such as a change of control or entry into a material agreement, customary provisions regarding non-competition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. However, the enforceability of the non-competition and assignment of inventions provisions may be limited under applicable law. See “Item 3 D. — Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property”. Under current Israeli law, we may not be able to enforce office holders’ covenants not to compete and therefore may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of some of our former officer holders.

Our employees are employed under the terms prescribed in their respective personal contracts, in accordance with the decisions of our management. Under these employment contracts, the employees are entitled to the social benefits prescribed by law and as otherwise provided in their personal contracts. Each of these employment contracts contains provisions standard for a company in our industry regarding non-competition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. Under current applicable employment laws, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete and therefore may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of some of our former employees. See “Item 3 D. — Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property” for a further description of the enforceability of non-competition clauses. We also provide certain of our employees with a company car, which is leased from a leasing company.

Compensation of External Directors

In 2019, each of our external directors was compensated in accordance with the Israeli Companies Regulations (rules regarding compensation and expense reimbursement of external directors) - 2000.

Directors and Officers Equity-Based Compensation

As of December 31, 2020, a total of 12,678,712 options to purchase our ordinary shares were outstanding and held by certain current executive officers and directors (consisting of seven (7) persons), of which 4,061,685 options are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2020. See “Item 6 E. — Share Ownership” in this annual report on Form 20-F.

Compensation of nonemployee Directors

Our directors, other than our External Directors, do not receive any cash compensation.

During fiscal 2019, we were not party to any service agreements with any of the members of our board of directors, other than the services agreement with respect to Dr. de la Vega’s service as our chief executive officer, which is described below.

Employment or Service Agreements with our Active Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Business Development Officer

Dov Farkash. On April 19, 2020, an Active Chairman Agreement, or the Chairman Agreement with Exoro Ltd., or Exoro, a company wholly owned by Mr. Dov Farkash. The Chairman Agreement provides that Exoro, through Mr. Farkash is to provide certain services to us as active chairman, focusing on go-to-market strategy. We agreed to enter into an indemnification agreement with Mr. Farkash and to include him in our directors and officers insurance. Mr. Farkash has agreed not to provide any services that would conflict with or complete with ours. We agreed to pay a monthly service fee of NIS 40,000 ($11,574) plus VAT to Exoro. Mr. Farkash is entitled to options to purchase 939,164 shares (0.5% of our fully-diluted equity) under our 2010 Option Plan, in accordance with our director compensation plan, at an exercise price of $ 0.068 per share, vesting over three years from April 19, 2020 with one-third vesting after one year and the remainder monthly over a 24-month period. Exoro is entitled to reimbursement of expenses in connection with the provision of the services and shall have a budget of $10,000/month for travel. The term of the Chairman Agreement was for four (4) months, with our right to renew for an additional nine months, which was utilized. Either party could terminate upon 45 days prior written notice. The Chairman Agreement could also be terminated by us for Cause (as defined in the Chairman Agreement).

Dr. Fernando de la Vega. On September 9, 2009, we entered into a services agreement, or the DBG Services Agreement, as amended, with Dr. de la Vega’s wholly-owned service company, Dolev Bar-Guy Consulting and Management Ltd., or DBG, as amended, or the DBG Services Agreement, pursuant to which Dr. de la Vega provides us management services as our chief executive officer. Pursuant to the terms of the DBG Services Agreement, as amended, Dr. de la Vega is currently entitled to a monthly consultancy fee in the amount of NIS 51,750 (approximately $14,974) plus value added tax and car allowance in the amount of NIS 2,500 (approximately $723) plus value added tax per month plus reimbursement for fuel expenses and tolls. The monthly consultancy fee shall be updated to NIS 65,000 (approximately $18,807) plus value added tax per month, if the company will secure an additional investment of $1,000,000 (such update commenced in April 2018). Dr. de la Vega may terminate the DBG Services Agreement at any time for any reason upon a three months’ prior written notice. If we wish to terminate the engagement with Dr. de la Vega, not as a result of Dr. de la Vega’s breach of his terms of office, the Company shall be required to provide a six months’ prior written notice.

In addition, our chief executive office may receive:

Upon the occurrence of an Exit Event, an equity-based award, in accordance with the following calculation:

(i) 0.5% of the Company’s share capital on a fully diluted basis, if the Company’s pre-money valuation shall be equal to or higher than $30,000,000 but less than $40,000,000;

(ii) 1.25% of the Company’s share capital on a fully diluted basis, if the Company’s pre-money valuation shall be equal to or higher than $40,000,000 but less than $50,000,000;

(iii) 2% of the Company’s share capital on a fully diluted basis, if the Company’s pre-money valuation shall be equal to or higher than $50,000,000.

An ‘Exit Event’ is defined as: (i) the consummation of an initial public offering of ordinary shares of the Company on a recognized stock exchange; or (ii) a sale of all or substantially all of the share capital of the Company to any individual, firm, corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, joint stock company, governmental authority or other entity of any kind, and shall include any successor (by merger or otherwise) of such entity, or a Person; (iii) a sale, lease, conveyance or disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company; (iv) a merger of the Company with or into another entity in which the shareholders of the Company immediately prior to such merger do not hold a majority of the share capital and voting rights of the surviving entity held by them by virtue of their holdings in the Company prior to the consummation of the transaction or a transaction or series of transactions in which a Person or group of Persons acquire more than 50% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the Company (other than an acquisition of such share capital from the Company); or (v) an up-listing to a higher exchange.

Mr. Evyatar Cohen. On November 12, 2017, we entered into a consultancy agreement with Mr. Evyatar Cohen to serve as our Chief Financial Officer during the term of the agreement. Mr. Cohen’s services include, among others, the services of Ms. Moran Cohen as our controller. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, Mr. Cohen is entitled to a monthly fee of NIS 33,000 (approximately $9,548) plus value added tax. As agreed in his engagement agreement, the monthly fee was increased to NIS 45,000 (approximately $13,020) plus value added tax commencing May 15, 2018, following the filing of our 2017 annual report on Form 20-F. Either we or Mr. Cohen may terminate the agreement by providing a 45 days prior notice.

Hanan Markovitch. We have entered into an employment agreement dated February 10, 2019 with Mr. Hanan Markovitch to serve as chief business development officer. Mr. Markovitch, as a full-time employee, is entitled to a gross monthly salary of NIS 28,000 ($8,102); overtime pay of NIS 7,000 per month ($2,025); a car allowance of NIS 5,000 per month ($1,447); social benefits and special bonus as detailed in his employment agreement. Each party can terminate this employment agreement with a three (3) months’ notice.

Incentive Compensation Plan

The purpose of the Plan is to serve as an incentive to attract new employees, directors, consultants and service providers, and to retain persons of training, experience and ability by providing them with opportunities to purchase securities, including shares of the Company, pursuant to the Plan, as approved by the board of directors of the Company. As of December 31, 2019, a total of 1,360,898 ordinary shares were reserved for issuance under the Plan. The number of ordinary shares reserved for issuance under the Plan may be changed from time to time in the sole discretion of the board of directors.

The Plan is administered by our board of directors, provided that the board of directors may delegate responsibility for the administration of the Plan to a committee designated by the board of directors. The board of directors has authority to: designate grantees of awards under the Plan and the terms of any award granted, including the type of securities to be granted, the vesting terms of any securities granted, and any restrictions on transfer of any securities granted under the Plan.

Pursuant to the Plan, the Company may (1) grant awards of securities under the Plan under the capital gains track pursuant to Section 102 of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance, or the Ordinance, to our directors, officers and employees who are not holders of 10% or more of our total share capital and are not otherwise controlling shareholders, and (2) grant awards pursuant to Section 3(i) of the Ordinance to non-employee Israeli service providers, consultants and shareholders who hold 10% or more of our total share capital or are otherwise controlling shareholders.

Section 102 of the Ordinance allows employees, directors and officers, who are not controlling shareholders and are considered Israeli residents, to receive favorable tax treatment for compensation in the form of shares or options. Our non-employee Israeli service providers, consultants and controlling shareholders, which includes any shareholder holding 10% or more of the Company’s ordinary shares on a fully diluted basis, may only be granted options under Section 3(i) of the Ordinance, which does not provide for similar tax benefits. Section 102 of the Ordinance includes two alternatives for tax treatment involving the issuance of options or shares to a trustee for the benefit of the grantees and also includes an additional alternative for the issuance of options or shares directly to the grantee. Section 102(b)(2) of the Ordinance, the most favorable tax treatment for grantees, permits the issuance to a trustee under the “capital gains” track. However, under this track we are not allowed to deduct any expense with respect to the issuance of the options or shares. In order to comply with the terms of the capital gains track, all options granted under the Plan pursuant and subject to the provisions of Section 102 of the Ordinance, as well as the ordinary shares issued upon exercise of these options and other shares received subsequently following any realization of rights with respect to such options, such as share dividends and share splits, must be granted to a trustee for the benefit of the relevant employee, director or officer and should be held by the trustee for at least two (2) years after the date of the grant. If such options or shares are sold by the trustee or are transferred to the grantee before the end of the two-year period, then the grantee would be taxed at top marginal rates upon selling the shares.

Options granted under the Plan will vest in accordance with the vesting dates determined by the board of directors with respect to each grant. Options that are not exercised within seven years from the grant date will expire, unless a shorter or longer term is provided for by the board of directors. Generally, if we terminate a grantee’s employment or services to the Company, all options granted to such grantee that are then vested will be exercisable for a period of six (6) months after the termination date (unless a shorter period is determined by the board of directors) or, if earlier, the expiration date of such options if we terminate a grantee’s employment or service for cause, all of the grantee’s vested and unvested unexercised options will expire and terminate on the date of termination. In case of termination for reasons of disability or death, the grantee or his legal successor may exercise options that have vested prior to termination within a period of twelve (12) months from the date of disability or death.

In the event of a merger or consolidation of our Company subsequent to which we would no longer exist as a legal entity, or a sale of all, or substantially all, of our ordinary shares or assets or other transaction having a similar effect on us, the Company will seek to cause the acquirer in such transaction to substitute all outstanding and unexercised options under the Plan for an appropriate number of the same type of shares or other securities of the successor company as were distributed to the Company or the shareholders in connection with such transaction. If the acquirer refuses to substitute the options, unvested options held by any grantee will vest in accordance with the following formula: X+Y*X/Z, where X = the number of vested options held by the grantee, Y = the number of unvested options held by the grantee, and Z = the number of options held by the grantee.

C. Board Practices

Board of Directors

Under the Companies Law, the management of our business is vested in our board of directors. Our board of directors may exercise all powers and may take all actions that are not specifically granted to our shareholders or to management. Our Chief Executive Officer is responsible for our day-to-day management and has responsibilities established by our board of directors. Our Chief Executive Officer is appointed by, and serves at the discretion of, our board of directors, subject to the terms of a consulting agreement that we have entered into with him. Our Chief Executive Officer may retain additional executive officers to assist in the day to day management of our business.

Election and Removal of Directors

Our Articles of Association provide for a board of directors consisting of no less than three (3) and no more than seven (7) directors, with all directors (other than the external directors, whose appointment is required under the Companies Law, as described below) divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms designated as Class I, Class II and Class III, with each class of directors to consist, as nearly as possible, of one-third of the total number of directors other than the external directors. At each annual general meeting of our shareholders thereafter, the election or re-election of directors following the expiration of the term of office of the directors of that class of directors will be for a term of office that expires on the third annual general meeting following such election or re-election. Each director so elected will hold office until the annual general meeting of our shareholders for the year in which his or her term expires, unless the tenure of such director expires earlier pursuant to the Companies Law or unless he or she is removed from office as described below. Our board of directors is divided among the three staggered classes of directors (except for the external directors) as follows:

In addition, our shareholders have elected two (2) external directors who are not part of the staggered board, as described further below.

Observer

On November 29, 2018, we held a general meeting of shareholders at which our shareholders approved, among other things, an amendment to the provisions of our Articles of Association applicable to the election of directors to provide for GTRIMG the right to designate one (1) non-voting observer to the board of director, or the Observer, provided that the Observer shall not be a competitor of ours, or employed by a competitor of ours. In October 2018, Rami Zeevi, the son of Gadi Zeevi who is the controlling shareholder of GTRIMG was appointed as an observer to our board of directors. In addition to the right to appoint an observer, in the event that and conditioned upon the conversion of the loan amount or the investment of at least US $2,000,000, GTRIMG shall be entitled to nominate one (1) director to our board of directors. Such director will serve as our chairman of the board of directors, provided that such nominee has the required qualifications under applicable laws including the stock exchange rules then applicable. The rights of GTRIMG will remain effective as long as GTRIMG holds at least 5% of our issued and outstanding share capital. The MOU provided that GTRIMG would have the right to nominate one (1) director, who would be the chairman of the board. We appointed Mr. Dov Farkash as executive chairman in accordance with the terms of the MOU.

Chairman of the Board

Our amended and restated articles of association provide that, unless otherwise appointed as described above, the chairman of the board is appointed by the members of the board of directors and serves as chairman of the board throughout his term as a director, unless resolved otherwise by the board of directors. Under the Companies Law, the Chief Executive Officer (referred to as a “general manager” under the Companies Law) or a relative of the Chief Executive Officer may not serve as the chairman of the board of directors, and the chairman of the board of directors or a relative of the chairman may not be vested with authorities of the Chief Executive Officer without shareholder approval consisting of a majority vote of the shares present and voting at a shareholders meeting, provided that either:

A person subordinated, directly or indirectly, to the Chief Executive Officer may not serve as the chairman of the board of directors; the chairman of the board of directors may not be vested with authorities that are granted to those subordinated to the Chief Executive Officer; and the chairman of the board of directors may not serve in any other position in the company or a controlled company, but he or she may serve as a director or chairman of the board of directors of a subsidiary.

External Directors

Under the Companies Law, companies incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel whose shares are publicly traded are required to appoint at least two (2) external directors who meet the qualification requirements set forth in the Companies Law.

At our general meeting of shareholders held in 2017, we appointed Ms. Orly Solomon and Mr. Ido Lapidot as our external directors for three (3) years and they were re-elected in our general meeting of shareholders held in 2020 for additional three (3) years.

The Companies Law provides for special approval requirements for the election of external directors. External directors must be elected by a majority vote of the shares present and voting at a shareholders meeting, provided that either:

After an initial term of three (3) years, an external director may be re-elected to serve in that capacity for up to two additional terms of three (3) years each under one of two alternatives. Under the first alternative, the external director may be nominated by the board of directors, and such external director’s re-election is approved by a majority of the shareholders that was required to elect such external director in such director’s initial election. Under the second alternative, the external director may be nominated by a shareholder(s) holding 1% or more of the voting power and at the general meeting of shareholders such re-election is approved by a majority of those shares present and voting that are held by shareholders who are non-controlling shareholders and do not have a personal interest in the re-election, provided that such shares represent at least 2% of the total voting power in the company.

The term of office for external directors for Israeli companies traded on certain foreign stock exchanges (which does not include the OTCQB or OTC Pink), may be extended indefinitely in increments of additional three-year terms, provided that, prior to each nomination for re-election, the board of directors of the company confirm that, in light of the external director’s expertise and special contribution to the work of the board of directors and its committees, the re-election for such additional period is beneficial to the company and provided that the reasons for such confirmation are presented to the shareholders at the general meeting at which such re-election is being sought and the external director is re-elected in accordance with the appropriate approval method described above.

Under the Companies Law, an external director cannot be dismissed from office unless the board of directors has learned there is a concern that: the external director no longer meets the statutory requirements for his appointment as an external director; or the external director is in breach of his or her duty of loyalty to the company. The board of directors shall discuss the matter no later than in the first board of directors meeting convened after the board had become aware of such circumstances. In the event the board of directors has determined that an external director had ceased to comply with the requirements set forth under the Companies Law or that he or she breached his or her duty of loyalty to the company, than the board of directors shall convene a general meeting of the shareholders and will include on the agenda a resolution for the removal from office of such external director. The shareholders vote required to removal of an external director from office is the same majority required for the appointment; provided, however, that the external director has been given the opportunity to present his or her position. In addition, a court of law may determine, upon a request of a director or a shareholder, to dismiss the external director after finding that such external director no longer meets the statutory requirements of an external director set under the Companies Law or that the external director is in breach of his or her duty of loyalty to the company.

Each committee of the board of directors that exercises powers of the board of directors is required to include at least one external director, and the audit and compensation committees are required to all of such company’s external directors.

Under the Companies Law, external directors of a company are prohibited from receiving, directly or indirectly, any compensation from the company other than for their services as external directors pursuant to the provisions and limitations set forth in regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, which compensation is determined prior to their appointment and may not be changed throughout the term of their service as external directors (except for certain exceptions set forth in the regulations).

The Companies Law provides that a person is not qualified to serve as an external director if, as of the appointment date or at any time during the two (2) years preceding his or her appointment, that person or a relative, partner or employer of that person, any person to whom that person is subordinate (whether directly or indirectly), or any entity under that person’s control, had any affiliation or business relationship with the company, any controlling shareholder or relative of a controlling shareholder or an entity that, as of the appointment date is, or at any time during the two (2) years preceding that date was, controlled by the company or by any entity controlling the company.

The term affiliation for this purpose includes (subject to certain exceptions):

The Companies Law defines the term “office holder” of a company to include a general manager, chief business manager, deputy general manager, vice general manager, any other person assuming the responsibilities of any of these positions regardless of such person’s title, a director and any other manager directly subordinate to the general manager.

The following additional qualifications apply to an external director:

Furthermore, no person may serve as an external director if that person’s professional or other activities create, or may create, a conflict of interest with that person’s responsibilities as a director or otherwise interfere with that person’s ability to serve as an external director or if such person is an employee of the Israel Securities Authority or of an Israeli stock exchange. Following the termination of an external director’s membership on the board of directors, such former external director and his or her spouse and children may not be provided a direct or indirect benefit by the company, its controlling shareholder or any entity under its controlling shareholder’s control, including serving as an executive officer or director of the company or a company controlled by its controlling shareholder and cannot be employed by or provide professional services to the company for pay, either directly or indirectly, including through a corporation controlled by that former external director, for a period of two (2) years (the prohibition also applies to relatives of the former external director who are not his or her spouse or children, but only for a period of one year).

If at the time an external director is appointed, all members of the board of directors who are not controlling shareholders or their relatives are of the same gender, the external director must be of the other gender. A director of one company may not be appointed as an external director of another company if a director of the other company is acting as an external director of the first company at such time.

Pursuant to the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, a person may be appointed as an external director only if he or she either has professional qualifications or has accounting and financial expertise as defined in those regulations. In addition, at least one of the external directors must be determined by our board of directors to have accounting and financial expertise and the board is required to determine the minimum number of board members who are required to possess accounting and financial expertise. In determining the number of directors required to have such expertise, the members of our board of directors must consider, among other things, the type and size of the company and the scope and complexity of its operations.

Our board of directors has determined that the minimum number of directors with financial and accounting expertise is one and that Ms. Orly Solomon qualifies as such. The external director who qualifies to have such expertise is Ms. Orly Solomon. In addition, our Board has determined that Ms. Orly Solomon qualifies as an audit committee financial expert pursuant to the applicable SEC rules.

A director with accounting and financial expertise is a director who, due to his or her education, experience and skills, possesses a high degree of proficiency in, and an understanding of, business-accounting matters and financial statements, such that he or she is able to understand the financial statements of the company, in depth, and initiate a discussion about the manner of presentation of the financial data. A director is deemed to have professional qualifications if he or she has any of (i) an academic degree in economics, business management, accounting, law or public administration, (ii) an academic degree or has completed another form of higher education in the primary field of business of the company or in a field which is relevant to his/her position in the company, or (iii) at least five (5) years of experience serving in one of the following capacities, or at least five (5) years of cumulative experience serving in two or more of the following capacities: (a) a senior business management position in a company with a significant volume of business; (b) a senior position in the company’s primary field of business; or (c) a senior position in public administration or service. Our board of directors is charged with determining whether a director possesses financial and accounting expertise or professional qualifications.

Audit Committee

Our Audit Committee is comprised of the following members: Dr. Modena, Mr. Lapidot (external director) and Ms. Solomon (external director). Ms. Solomon is the Chairwoman of the Audit Committee.

Pursuant to the Companies Law, the audit committee must be comprised of at least three (3) directors, including all of the external directors, and a majority of its members must be unaffiliated directors. An unaffiliated director is an external director or a director who is appointed or classified as such, and who meets the qualifications of an external director (other than the professional qualifications/accounting and financial expertise requirement), whom the audit committee has confirmed to meet the external director qualifications, and who has not served as a director of the company for more than nine (9) consecutive years (with any period of up to two (2) years during which such person does not serve as a director not being viewed as interrupting a nine-year period).

For Israeli companies traded on certain foreign stock exchanges (which does not include the OTCQB or the OTC Pink), a director who qualifies as an independent director for the purposes of such director’s membership on our audit committee in accordance with the rules of such stock exchange is also deemed to be an unaffiliated director under the Companies Law. Such person must meet the non-affiliation requirements as to relationships with the controlling shareholder (and any entity controlled by the controlling shareholder, other than the company and other entities controlled by the company) and must meet the nine-year requirement described above. Following the nine-year period, a director of an Israeli company traded on such foreign stock exchange may continue to be considered an unaffiliated director for unlimited additional periods of three (3) years each, provided the audit committee and the board of directors of the company confirm that, in light of the director’s expertise and special contribution to the work of the board of directors and its committees, the re-election for such additional period is beneficial to the company.

Under the Companies Law, the audit committee may not include the chairman of the board, any director employed by the company or who regularly provides services to the company (other than as a board member), a controlling shareholder or any relative of the controlling shareholder, as each term is defined in the Companies Law. In addition, the audit committee may not include any director employed by the company’s controlling shareholder or by a company controlled by such controlling shareholder, or who provides services to the company’s controlling shareholder or a company controlled by such controlling shareholder, on a regular basis, or a director whose main livelihood is from the controlling shareholder. The chairman of the audit committee is required to be an external director.

Audit Committee Role

Our board of directors adopted an audit committee charter that sets forth the responsibilities of the audit committee as well as the requirements for such committee under the Companies Law, including the following:

Our audit committee provides assistance to our board of directors in fulfilling its legal and fiduciary obligations in matters involving our accounting, auditing, financial reporting, internal control and legal compliance functions by pre-approving the services performed by our independent auditors and reviewing their reports regarding our accounting practices and systems of internal control over financial reporting. Our audit committee also oversees the audit efforts of our independent auditors and takes those actions that it deems necessary to satisfy itself that the auditors are independent of management.

Under the Companies Law, our audit committee is responsible for:

Our audit committee may not approve any actions requiring its approval (see “—Fiduciary duties and approval of specified related party transactions under Israeli law”), unless at the time of the approval a majority of the committee’s members are present, which majority consists of unaffiliated directors including at least one external director.

Compensation Committee

Our Compensation Committee is comprised of Dr. Modena, Mr. Lapidot and Ms. Solomon.

Ms. Solomon is the chairwoman of the compensation committee. We have a Compensation Committee Charter and a Compensation Policy.

Under the Companies Law, the compensation committee is required to be comprised of at least three (3) directors, including all of the external directors. The additional members of the Compensation Committee must be directors that receive compensation subject to the provisions and limitations set forth in the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law. Under the Companies Law, an external director must serve as the chairman of the Compensation Committee.

Under the Companies Law, the external directors shall constitute a majority of our compensation committee.

Our compensation committee’s duties include, among other things, recommending compensation policies to the board of directors, overseeing compensation policy implementation, and ratifying the compensation of executive officers.

Compensation Policy under the Companies Law

In adopting the compensation policy, the compensation committee is required to take into account factors such as the office holder’s education, experience, past compensation arrangements with the Company, and the proportional difference between the person’s compensation and the average compensation of the Company’s employees. The compensation policy must be approved at least once every three (3) years at the Company’s general meeting of shareholders, and is subject to the approval of a majority vote of the shares present and voting at a shareholders meeting, provided that either:

Our board of directors approved and adopted the compensation policy on February 22, 2018 and was approved by our shareholders at our annual general meeting on September 12, 2019.

The compensation policy serves as the basis for decisions concerning the financial terms of employment or engagement of executive officers and directors, including exculpation, insurance, indemnification or any monetary payment or obligation of payment in respect of employment or engagement. The compensation policy relates to certain factors, including advancement of the company’s objectives, the company’s business and its long-term strategy, and creation of appropriate incentives for executives. It also considers, among other things, the Company’s risk management, size and the nature of its operations. The compensation policy furthermore considers the following additional factors:

The compensation policy also includes the following principles:

The compensation committee is responsible for (a) recommending the compensation policy to the Company’s board of directors for its approval (and subsequent approval by our shareholders) and (b) duties related to the compensation policy and to the approval of the terms of engagement of office holders, including:

The Compensation Committee’s duties include recommending compensation policies to the board of directors, overseeing compensation policy implementation, and ratifying the compensation of executive officers.

Compensation of Directors

Under the Companies Law, the compensation of our directors requires the approval of our Compensation Committee, the subsequent approval of the board of directors and, unless exempted under the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, the approval of the shareholders at a general meeting. Where the director is also a controlling shareholder, the requirements for approval of transactions with controlling shareholders apply, as described below under “—Fiduciary duties and approval of specified related party transactions under Israeli law—Disclosure of Personal Interests of a Controlling Shareholder and Approval of Acts and Transactions.”

The directors are also entitled to be paid reasonable travel, hotel and other expenses expended by them in attending board meetings and performing their functions as directors of the Company, all of which is to be determined by the board of directors.

External directors are entitled to remuneration subject to the provisions and limitations set forth in the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law.

Internal Auditor

Under the Companies Law, we are required to appoint an internal auditor recommended by the audit committee and appointed by the board of directors. The role of the internal auditor is, among other things, to examine whether a company’s actions comply with applicable law and orderly business procedure. Under the Companies Law, the internal auditor cannot be an interested party or an office holder or a relative of an interested party or an office holder, nor may the internal auditor be the company’s independent auditor or its representative. An “interested party” is defined in the Companies Law as: (i) a holder of 5% or more of the issued share capital or voting power in a company, (ii) any person or entity who has the right to designate one or more directors or to designate the chief executive officer of the company, or (iii) any person who serves as a director or as a chief executive officer of the company. As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, the board of directors has not appointed an internal auditor, and the Company is therefore not currently in compliance with the requirements of the Companies Law. Due to such non-compliance with the Companies Law, the Company may be subject to third parties’ and/or shareholders’ claims under the Israeli Torts Ordinance.

Fiduciary duties and approval of specified related party transactions under Israeli law

Fiduciary duties of office holders

The Companies Law imposes a duty of care and a duty of loyalty on all office holders of a company. An office holder is defined in the Companies Law as a general manager, chief business manager, deputy general manager, vice general manager, any other person assuming the responsibilities of any of these positions regardless of such person’s title, a director and any other manager directly subordinate to the general manager. The duty of care of an office holder is based on the duty of care set forth in connection with the tort of negligence under the Israeli Torts Ordinance (New Version) 5728-1968. This duty of care requires an office holder to act with the degree of proficiency with which a reasonable office holder in the same position would have acted under the same circumstances. The duty of care includes a duty to use reasonable means, in light of the circumstances, to obtain information on the advisability of a given action brought for his or her approval or performed by virtue of his or her position and all other important information pertaining to these actions.

The duty of care includes a duty to use reasonable means to obtain:

The duty of loyalty requires an office holder to act in good faith and for the benefit of the company, and includes the duty to:

We may approve an act performed in breach of the duty of loyalty of an office holder provided that the office holder acted in good faith, the act or its approval does not harm the company, and the office holder discloses his or her personal interest a sufficient amount of time before the date for discussion of approval of such act.

Disclosure of personal interests of an office holder and approval of acts and transactions

The Companies Law requires that an office holder promptly disclose to the company any personal interest that he or she may have and all related material information or documents relating to any existing or proposed transaction by the company. A personal interest includes an interest of any person in an act or transaction of a company, including a personal interest of one’s relative or of a corporate body in which such person or a relative of such person is a 5% or greater shareholder, director or general manager or in which he or she has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager, but excluding a personal interest stemming solely from one’s ownership of shares in the company. A personal interest includes the personal interest of a person for whom the office holder holds a voting proxy or the personal interest of the office holder with respect to his or her vote on behalf of a person for whom he or she holds a proxy, discretionary or otherwise, even if such shareholder has no personal interest in the matter.

An interested office holder’s disclosure must be made promptly and in any event no later than the first meeting of the board of directors at which the transaction is considered. An office holder is not obliged to disclose such information if the personal interest of the office holder derives solely from the personal interest of his or her relative in a transaction that is not considered an extraordinary transaction.

Under the Companies Law, extraordinary transactions that require approval are defined as any of the following:

Under the Companies Law, once an office holder has complied with the disclosure requirement described above, a company may approve a transaction between the company and the office holder or a third-party in which the office holder has a personal interest, or approve an action by the office holder that would otherwise be deemed a breach of duty of loyalty. However, a company may not approve a transaction or action that is adverse to the company’s interest or that is not performed by the office holder in good faith.

Approval first by the company’s audit committee and subsequently by the board of directors is required for an extraordinary transaction (meaning, any transaction that is not in the ordinary course of business, not on market terms or that is likely to have a material impact on the company’s profitability, assets or liabilities) in which an office holder has a personal interest.

A director and any other office holder who has a personal interest in a transaction which is considered at a meeting of the board of directors or the audit committee may generally (unless it is with respect to a transaction which is not an extraordinary transaction) not be present at such a meeting or vote on that matter unless a majority of the directors or members of the audit committee, as applicable, have a personal interest in the matter. If a majority of the members of the audit committee or the board of directors has a personal interest in the approval of such a transaction then all of the directors may participate in deliberations of the audit committee or board of directors, as applicable, with respect to such transaction and vote on the approval thereof and, in such case, shareholder approval is also required.

Pursuant to the Companies Law, public company compensation arrangements such as insurance, indemnification or exculpation arrangements with office holders who are not the Chief Executive Officer or a director require compensation committee approval and subsequent approval by the board of directors. Compensation arrangements must comply with the compensation policy of the company.

In special circumstances, the compensation committee and the board of directors may approve compensation arrangements that do not match the compensation policy of the company, subject to the approval of a majority vote of the shares present and voting at a shareholders meeting, provided that either: (a) such majority includes at least a majority of the shares held by all shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and do not have a personal interest in such compensation arrangement; or (b) the total number of shares of non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the compensation arrangement and who vote against the arrangement does not exceed two percent of the company’s aggregate voting rights, or Special Majority Vote for Compensation. In the event that the Special Majority Vote for Compensation is not obtained, the compensation committee and the board of directors may reconsider the compensation arrangement and approve it, after a detailed review.

Pursuant to the Companies Law, public company compensation arrangements with the Chief Executive Officer require compensation committee approval, approval by the board of directors and Special Majority for Compensation approval at the shareholders’ meeting. Compensation arrangements with the Chief Executive Officer must comply with the compensation policy of the company. In the event that Special Majority Vote for Compensation is not obtained, then the compensation committee and the board of directors may reconsider the compensation arrangement and approve it after a detailed review. Notwithstanding the above, the compensation committee is authorized to refrain from submitting a proposed compensation arrangement with a Chief Executive Officer candidate for shareholder approval, if (a) doing so would jeopardize the company’s engagement of the candidate and (b) the proposed arrangement complies with the company’s compensation policy.

With respect to amending an existing compensation arrangement, only the approval of the compensation committee is required, provided the committee determines that the amendment is not material in relation to the existing compensation arrangement. With respect to amending an existing related-party transaction, only the approval of the audit committee is required, provided the committee determines that the amendment is not material in relation to the existing arrangement.

Compensation arrangements with directors who are not controlling shareholders, including compensation arrangements with directors in their capacities as executive officers, (unless exempted under the applicable regulations), require the approval of the compensation committee, the board of directors and the company’s shareholders, in that order.

Disclosure of personal interests of a controlling shareholder and approval of acts and transactions

Pursuant to the Companies Law, the disclosure requirements regarding personal interests that apply to directors and executive officers also apply to a controlling shareholder of a public company. A controlling shareholder is a shareholder who has the ability to direct the activities of a company, including a shareholder who holds 25% or more of the voting rights if no other shareholder holds more than 50% of the voting rights. For this purpose, the holdings of all shareholders who have a personal interest in the same transaction will be aggregated.

An extraordinary transaction between a public company and a controlling shareholder, or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, and the terms of any compensation arrangement of a controlling shareholder who is an office holder or his relative, require the approval of a company’s audit committee (or compensation committee with respect to compensation arrangements), board of directors and shareholders, in that order. In addition, the shareholder approval must fulfill one of the following requirements:

To the extent that any such transaction with a controlling shareholder or his relative is for a period extending beyond three (3) years, shareholder approval is required once every three (3) years, unless, in respect to certain transactions, the audit committee determines that the duration of the transaction is reasonable under the circumstances.

Duties of Shareholders

Under the Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to refrain from abusing its power in the company and to act in good faith and in an acceptable manner in exercising its rights and performing its obligations to the company and other shareholders, including, among other things, voting at general meetings of shareholders on the following matters:

A shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders.

The remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply to a breach of the above-mentioned duties, and in the event of discrimination against other shareholders, additional remedies are available to the injured shareholder.

In addition, any controlling shareholder, any shareholder that knows that its vote can determine the outcome of a shareholder vote and any shareholder that, under a company’s articles of association, has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder, or has another power with respect to a company, is under a duty to act with fairness towards the company. The Companies Law does not describe the substance of this duty except to state that the remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply in the event of a breach of the duty to act with fairness, taking the shareholder’s position in the company into account.

Exculpation, Insurance and Indemnification of Office Holders

Under the Companies Law, a company may not exculpate an office holder from liability for a breach of the duty of loyalty. A company may exculpate an office holder in advance from liability to the company, in whole or in part, for damages caused to the company as a result of a breach of the duty of care but only if a provision authorizing such exculpation is included in its articles of association. Our amended and restated articles of association include such a provision. An Israeli company may not exculpate a director from liability arising out of a breach of the duty of care with respect to a dividend or distribution to shareholders.

Under the Companies Law and the Securities Law, 5738—1968, or the Securities Law, a company may indemnify an office holder in respect of the following liabilities, payments and expenses incurred for acts performed as an office holder, either pursuant to an undertaking made in advance of an event or following an event, provided a provision authorizing such indemnification is contained in its articles of association:

Administrative Procedure” is defined as a procedure pursuant to chapters H3 (Monetary Sanction by the Israeli Securities Authority), H4 (Administrative Enforcement Procedures of the Administrative Enforcement Committee) or I1 (Arrangement to prevent Procedures or Interruption of procedures subject to conditions) to the Securities Law.

Under the Companies Law and the Securities Law, a company may insure an office holder against the following liabilities incurred for acts performed by him or her as an office holder if and to the extent provided in the company’s articles of association:

Under the Companies Law, a company may not indemnify, exculpate or insure an office holder against any of the following:

Under the Companies Law, exculpation, indemnification and insurance of office holders must be approved by the compensation committee and the board of directors and, with respect to certain office holders or under certain circumstances, also by the shareholders. See “Item 6 C. — Board Practices — Fiduciary duties and approval of specified related party transactions under Israeli law.”

Our amended and restated articles of association permit us to, exculpate, indemnify and insure our office holders as permitted under the Companies Law. Our office holders are currently covered by a directors and officers’ liability insurance policy. As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, no claims for directors’ and officers’ liability insurance have been filed under this policy, we are not aware of any pending or threatened litigation or proceeding involving any of our directors or officers in which indemnification is sought, nor are we aware of any pending or threatened litigation that may result in claims for indemnification by any director or officer.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors exculpating them from a breach of their duty of care to us to the fullest extent permitted by law, subject to limited exceptions. This indemnification is limited to events determined as foreseeable by the board of directors based on our activities, and to an amount or according to criteria determined by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances. We intend to enter into new agreements with each of our directors and executive officers exculpating them from liability to us for damages caused to us as a result of a breach of duty of care and undertaking to indemnify them, in each case, to the fullest extent permitted by our amended and restated articles of association to be effective upon the effectiveness of our registration statement and the Companies Law, including with respect to liabilities resulting from this offering to the extent that these liabilities are not covered by insurance. The maximum aggregate amount of indemnification that we may pay to all of our directors and office holders together based on the indemnification agreement is $5,000,000. Such indemnification amounts will be in addition to any amounts available under our directors’ and office holders’ liability insurance policy.

D. Employees

As of December 31, 2019, we had twelve (12) full time employees, two (2) part time employee in PVN and two full time employees in Digiflex, located in Israel. There was one additional employee in the United States, employed by Digiflex Inc and his contract was terminated in September 2020. Israeli labor laws govern the length of the workday, minimum wages for employees, procedures for hiring and dismissing employees, determination of severance pay, annual leave, sick days, advance notice of termination of employment, equal opportunity and anti-discrimination laws and other conditions of employment of our Israeli employees. Subject to certain exceptions, Israeli law generally requires severance pay upon the retirement, death or dismissal of an employee, and requires us and our employees to make payments to the National Insurance Institute, which is similar to the U.S. Social Security Administration. Our Israeli employees have pension plans in accordance with the applicable Israeli legal requirements.

While none of our employees are party to any collective bargaining agreements, certain provisions of the collective bargaining agreements between the Histadrut (General Federation of Labor in Israel) and the Coordination Bureau of Economic Organizations (including the Industrialists’ Associations) are applicable to our employees by extension orders issued by the Israeli Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor. These provisions primarily concern the length of the workday, minimum daily wages for professional workers, pension fund benefits for all employees, insurance for work-related accidents, procedures for dismissing employees, determination of severance pay and other conditions of employment. We generally provide our employees with benefits and working conditions beyond the required minimums.

E. Share Ownership

Share ownership by Directors and Executive Officers

For information regarding ownership of our ordinary shares by our directors and executive officers, see “Item 7 A. — Major Shareholders”.

Share Option Plans

For information on our share option plan see “Item 6 B. — Compensation — Incentive Compensation Plans”.

ITEM 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

A. Major Shareholders.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of December 31, 2020, by:

The beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC. Under these rules, a person is deemed to be a beneficial owner of a security if that person has or shares voting power, which includes the power to vote or to direct the voting of the security, or investment power, which includes the power to dispose of or to direct the disposition of the security. For purposes of the table below, we deem ordinary shares issuable pursuant to options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days as of Dember 31, 2020, if any, to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person holding the options or warrants for the purposes of computing the percentage ownership of that person, but we do not treat them as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. The percentage of ordinary shares beneficially owned is based on 26,986,203 ordinary shares outstanding as of December 31, 2020. Certain of the convertible loans provided to us and warrants issued by us commencing October 2018, which are included in the table below, have an exercise price that is subject to the conversation mechanism described in those agreements but not less than $0.17. The number of beneficial owned ordinary shares presented in the table below was calculated based on an exercise price of $0.17, representing the maximum potential ordinary share amount of the conversion price, as applicable. See “Item 10. Additional Information —C. Material Contracts —Convertible Loan Agreements.”

Except where otherwise indicated, we believe, based on information furnished to us by such owners and based on public information, that the beneficial owners of the ordinary shares listed below have sole investment and voting power with respect to such shares. In addition, none of our shareholders have different voting rights from other shareholders.

Record Holders

As of December 31, 2020, our ordinary shares were held by 71 registered holders (including CEDE & Co.). Based on the information provided to us by our transfer agent, as of December 31, 2020, 16 registered holders were U.S. domiciled holders.

To our knowledge, the significant changes in the percentage of beneficial ownership held by our major shareholders during the past three years have been as follows:

Changes in 2019 vs. 2018:

Changes in 2018 vs. 2017:

B. Related Party Transactions

Please refer to Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements that appear elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F for information regarding our related party transactions and also to the following:

Employment and Services Agreements. Employment and services agreements entered into with our senior managers (including our active Chairman), as described above under “Item 6 B. — Compensation — Employment or Service Agreements with Senior Managers.”

Indemnification Agreements with Directors and Senior Managers. Customary indemnification agreements with our directors and senior managers, as described above under “Item 6 C. — Board Practices — Exculpation, Insurance and Indemnification of Office Holders.”

Option Agreement with Directors and Senior Managers. Option Agreements entered into with our directors and senior managers, as described above under “Item 6 E. — Share Ownership — Incentive Compensation Plan”.

We believe that we have executed all of our transactions with related parties on terms no less favorable to us than those we could have obtained from unaffiliated third parties. We are required by Israeli law to ensure that all future transactions between us and our officers, directors and principal shareholders and their affiliates are approved by a majority of our board of directors, including a majority of the independent and disinterested members of our board of directors, and that they are on terms no less favorable to us than those that we could obtain from unaffiliated third parties.

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel.

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. Financial Information.

A. Consolidated Financial Statements and Other Financial Information.

See “Item 18. Financial Statements” for a list of all financial statements filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Legal Proceedings

Please refer to Note 9.b. to our consolidated financial statements appear elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of cash dividends, if any, in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on then-existing conditions, including our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant.

Payment of dividends may also be subject to Israeli withholding taxes. See “Item 10 E. — Taxation — Certain Israeli Tax Considerations” for additional information.

B. Significant Changes.

No significant changes with respect to our consolidated financial statements have occurred since December 31, 2019 other than as described in Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements appear elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.

ITEM 9. The Offer and Listing.

9.A.4 Offer and Listing Details

Our ordinary shares are quoted on the OTC Pink under the symbol “PVNNF.”

9.B. Plan of distribution

Not applicable.

9.C. Market for ordinary shares

Not applicable.

9.D. Selling shareholders

Not applicable.

9.E. Dilution

Not applicable.

9.F. Expenses of the issue

Not applicable.

ITEM 10. Additional Information.

A. Share Capital.

Not applicable.

B. Memorandum and Articles of Association.

General

As of December 31, 2019, our authorized share capital consists of 200,000,000 ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.01 (approximately $0.003) per share, of which 24,393,218 are issued and outstanding. On December 28, 2020, as part of the annual general meeting of the shareholders’, the authorized ordinary shares were increased by an additional 1,000,000,000 ordinary shares of NIS 0.01 ($0.003) par value.

All of our outstanding ordinary shares are validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable. Our ordinary shares do not have any preemptive rights.

Registration Number and Purposes of the Company

Our original articles of association were registered with the Israeli Registrar of Companies at the time of incorporation of the Company on June 24, 2009, under our Israeli registration number 514287093. Our purpose is set forth in Section 4 of our articles of association and includes every lawful purpose.

Voting Rights and Conversion

All ordinary shares will have identical voting and other rights in all respects.

Transfer of shares

Our fully paid ordinary shares are issued in registered form and may be freely transferred under our amended and restated articles of association, unless the transfer is restricted or prohibited by another instrument, applicable law or the rules of a stock exchange on which the shares are listed for trade. The ownership or voting of our ordinary shares by non-residents of Israel is not restricted in any way by our amended and restated articles of association or the laws of the State of Israel, except for ownership by nationals of some countries that are, or have been, in a state of war with Israel.

Election of directors

Under our amended and restated articles of association, our board of directors must consist of not less than three (3) but no more than seven (7) directors. Pursuant to our amended and restated articles of association, each of our directors, other than the external directors, for whom special election requirements apply under the Companies Law, will be appointed by a simple majority vote. Our Board consists of three (3) classes of directors (not including external directors who do not form part of any class), with one class being elected each year by shareholders at the Company’s annual general meeting for a term of approximately three years. A director shall hold office until his or her successors are elected and qualified.

In addition, our amended and restated articles of association allow our board of directors, at any time and from time to time, to appoint any person to be a director, to fill a vacancy however created. Further, our board of directors has the power, at any time and from time to time, to appoint any person to be a director in addition to the existing board of directors, so long as the total number of directors shall not at any time exceed the maximum number prescribed by the our amended and restated articles of association. A director appointed by our board of directors as aforementioned shall be deemed, for all intents and purposes, as having been appointed by the annual general meeting, and, without derogating from the generality of the aforesaid, shall serve as a director until the expiry of the term of office of the class to which he or she was appointed.

Further, under our amended and restated articles of association, GTRIMG Investments Ltd., or GTRIMG, is entitled to designate one non-voting observer to the board of directors, or the Observer. The Observer is entitled to attend and participate in all meetings of the board of directors in a non-voting, observer capacity. Subject to limitations, the Observer is entitled to receive notice of, to attend and to receive copies of any documentation distributed to the directors before, during or after, all meetings of the board of directors at the same time such notice or material is provided or delivered to members of the board of directors. In addition, in the event that and conditioned upon the conversion of the loan amount or the investment of at least US $2,000,000, GTRIMG shall be entitled to elect one director to our board of directors. Such director shall serve as the chairman of the board of directors, provided that such nominee has the required qualifications under applicable laws including the stock exchange rules then applicable. In the MOU, it was agreed that we would appoint a director nominated by GTRIMG as chairman of the board in accordance with the terms of our amended and restated articles of association. As a result, Dov Farkash was appointed as our Active Chairman of the Board of Directors commencing April 19, 2020.

Dividend and Liquidation Rights

We may declare a dividend to be paid to the holders of our ordinary shares in proportion to their respective shareholdings. Under the Companies Law, dividend distributions are determined by the board of directors and do not require the approval of the shareholders of a company unless the company’s articles of association provide otherwise. Our amended and restated articles of association do not require shareholder approval of a dividend distribution and provide that dividend distributions may be determined by our board of directors.

Pursuant to the Companies Law, the distribution amount is limited to the greater of retained earnings or earnings generated over the previous two years, according to our then last reviewed or audited financial statements, provided that the end of the period to which the financial statements relate is not more than six months prior to the date of the distribution. If we do not meet such criteria, then we may distribute dividends only with court approval. In each case, we are only permitted to distribute a dividend if our board of directors and the court, if applicable, determines that there is no reasonable concern that payment of the dividend will prevent us from satisfying our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due.

In the event of our liquidation, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors, our assets will be distributed to the holders of our ordinary shares in proportion to their shareholdings. This right, as well as the right to receive dividends, may be affected by the grant of preferential dividend or distribution rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized in the future.

Exchange Controls

There are currently no Israeli currency control restrictions on remittances of dividends on our ordinary shares, proceeds from the sale of the shares or interest or other payments to non-residents of Israel, except for shareholders who are subjects of countries that are, or have been, in a state of war with Israel.

Shareholder meetings

Under Israeli law, we are required to hold an annual general meeting of our shareholders once every calendar year that must be held no later than 15 months after the date of the previous annual general meeting. All meetings other than the annual general meeting of shareholders are referred to in our amended and restated articles of association as special general meetings. Our board of directors may call special general meetings whenever it sees fit, at such time and place, within or outside of Israel, as it may determine. In addition, the Companies Law provides that our board of directors is required to convene a special general meeting upon the written request of (i) any two or more of our directors or one-quarter or more of the members of our board of directors or (ii) one or more shareholders holding, in the aggregate, either (a) 5% or more of our outstanding issued shares and 1% or more of our outstanding voting power or (b) 5% or more of our outstanding voting power.

Subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder, shareholders entitled to participate and vote at general meetings are the shareholders of record on a date to be decided by the board of directors, which may generally be between four and 21 days prior to the date of the meeting, and in certain circumstances, between four and 40 days prior to the date of the meeting. Furthermore, the Companies Law requires that resolutions regarding the following matters must be passed at a general meeting of our shareholders:

The Companies Law requires that a notice of any annual general meeting or special general meeting be provided to shareholders at least 21 days prior to the meeting and if the agenda of the meeting includes the appointment or removal of directors, the approval of transactions with office holders or interested or related parties, or an approval of a merger, notice must be provided at least 35 days prior to the meeting. Under the Companies Law and our amended and restated articles of association, shareholders are not permitted to take action by way of written consent in lieu of a meeting.

Quorum

Pursuant to our amended and restated articles of association, holders of our ordinary shares have one vote for each ordinary share held on all matters submitted to a vote before the shareholders at a general meeting. The quorum required for our general meetings of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders (not in default in payment of any sum) present in person, by proxy or written ballot who hold or represent between or among them at least 25% of the total our issued share capital. If within thirty (30) minutes from the time appointed for the general meeting the requisite quorum is not present, the meeting shall be dissolved, but shall stand adjourned to the same day in the next week at the same time the following week and at the same place or to a later date, if so specified in advance in the notice of the general meeting. All matters for which the general meeting was summoned shall be discussed at the adjourned meeting, provided that if the requisite quorum is not present at the adjourned meeting within thirty (30) minutes from the time appointed for such meeting, subject to the provisions of applicable law, one or more shareholders present in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum, unless the meeting was called pursuant to a request by our shareholders in accordance with the Companies Law, in which case the quorum required shall be one or more shareholders, present in person or by proxy, and holding the number of shares required for making such request. No business shall be transacted at any adjourned meeting except business that might lawfully have been transacted at the meeting as originally called.

Vote Requirements

Our amended and restated articles of association provide that all resolutions of our shareholders require a simple majority vote, unless otherwise required by the Companies Law or by our amended and restated articles of association. For special majority requirements under the Companies Law see “Item 6 C. — Board Practices”. Under our amended and restated articles of association, the alteration of the rights, privileges, preferences or obligations of any class of our shares requires a simple majority of the class so affected (or such other percentage of the relevant class that may be set forth in the governing documents relevant to such class), in addition to the ordinary majority vote of all classes of shares voting together as a single class at a shareholder meeting. Our amended and restated articles of association also provide that a change to the provisions related to the committees of our board of directors, number of directors, the election or removal of any director from office, our board of directors proceedings and mergers and business combinations, requires the vote of at least 60% of our outstanding share capital having the right to vote, voting in person or by proxy at such general meeting. Another exception to the simple majority vote requirement is a resolution for the voluntary winding up, or an approval of a scheme of arrangement or reorganization, of the company pursuant to Section 350 of the Companies Law.

Access to corporate records

Under the Companies Law, all shareholders generally have the right to review minutes of our general meetings, our shareholder register, including with respect to material shareholders, our articles of association, our financial statements, other documents as provided in the Companies Law, and any document we are required by law to file publicly with the Israeli Companies Registrar or the Israeli Securities Authority. Any shareholder who specifies the purpose of its request may request to review any document in our possession that relates to any action or transaction with a related party which requires shareholder approval under the Companies Law. We may deny a request to review a document if we determine that the request was not made in good faith, that the document contains a commercial secret or a patent or that the document’s disclosure may otherwise impair our interests.

Acquisitions under Israeli law

Merger

The Companies Law permits merger transactions if approved by each party’s board of directors and, unless certain requirements described under the Companies Law are met, a majority of each party’s shareholders and, in the case of the target company, a majority vote of each class of its shares, voted on the proposed merger at a shareholders meeting. The board of directors of a merging company is required pursuant to the Companies Law to discuss and determine whether in its opinion there exists a reasonable concern that as a result of a proposed merger, the surviving company will not be able to satisfy its obligations towards its creditors, such determination taking into account the financial status of the merging companies. If the board of directors has determined that such a concern exists, it may not approve a proposed merger. Following the approval of the board of directors of each of the merging companies, the boards of directors must jointly prepare a merger proposal for submission to the Israeli Registrar of Companies.

For purposes of the shareholder vote, unless a court rules otherwise, the merger will not be deemed approved if a majority of the shares represented at the shareholders meeting that are held by parties other than the other party to the merger, or by any person who holds 25% or more of the outstanding shares or the right to appoint 25% or more of the directors of the other party, vote against the merger. In addition, if the non-surviving entity of the merger has more than one class of shares, the merger must be approved by each class of shareholders. If the transaction would have been approved but for the separate approval of each class or the exclusion of the votes of certain shareholders as provided above, a court may still approve the merger upon the request of holders of at least 25% of the voting rights of a company, if the court holds that the merger is fair and reasonable, taking into account the value of the parties to the merger and the consideration offered to the shareholders. Pursuant to the Companies Law, if a merger is with a company’s controlling shareholder or if the controlling shareholder has a personal interest in the merger, then the merger is instead subject to the same special majority approval that governs all extraordinary transactions with controlling shareholders (as described above under “Board Practices — Fiduciary duties and approval of specified related party transactions under Israeli law.”). In addition, the Company shall not engage in any Business Combination with any Interested Shareholder for a period of three years following the time that such shareholder became an Interested Shareholder, unless either prior to such time the Board of Directors approved either the Business Combination or the transaction which resulted in the shareholder becoming an Interested Shareholder; or upon consummation of the transaction which resulted in the shareholder becoming an Interested Shareholder, the Interested Shareholder owned at least 85% of the Voting Shares of the Company outstanding at the time the transaction commenced.

Under the Companies Law, each merging company must send a copy of the proposed merger plan to its secured creditors. Unsecured creditors are entitled to receive notice of the merger pursuant to regulations promulgated under the Companies Law. Upon the request of a creditor of either party to the proposed merger, the court may delay or prevent the merger if it concludes that there exists a reasonable concern that, as a result of the merger, the surviving company will be unable to satisfy the obligations the target company. The court may further give instructions to secure the rights of creditors.

In addition, a merger may not be completed unless at least fifty (50) days have passed from the date that a proposal for approval of the merger was filed with the Israeli Registrar of Companies and thirty (30) days from the date that shareholder approval of both merging companies was obtained.

Full tender offer

A person wishing to acquire shares of a public Israeli company and who would as a result hold over 90% of the target company’s issued and outstanding share capital or that of a certain class of shares is required by the Companies Law to make a tender offer to all of the company’s shareholders or the shareholders who holds shares of the same class for the purchase of all of the issued and outstanding shares of the company or of the same class, as applicable.

If the shareholders who do not respond to or accept the offer hold less than 5% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company or of the applicable class of the shares, all of the shares that the acquirer offered to purchase will be transferred to the acquirer by operation of law (provided that a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in such tender offer shall have approved it, which condition shall not apply if offerees holding less than 2% of the company’s issued and outstanding share capital failed to approve such tender offer).

Upon a successful completion of such a full tender offer, any shareholder that was an offeree in such tender offer, whether the shareholder accepted the tender offer or not, may, within six months from the date of acceptance of the tender offer, petition the Israeli court to determine whether the tender offer was for less than fair value and that the fair value should be paid as determined by the court unless the acquirer stipulated that a shareholder that accepts the offer may not seek appraisal rights. If the shareholders who did not respond or accept the tender offer hold at least 5% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company or of the applicable class, or the shareholders who did not accept the tender offer hold 2% or more of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company (or of the applicable class), the acquirer may not acquire shares of the company that will increase its holdings to more than 90% of the company’s issued and outstanding share capital or of the applicable class from shareholders who accepted the tender offer.

Special tender offer

The Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares of a public Israeli company must be made by means of a special tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of at least 25% of the voting rights in the company. This rule does not apply if there is already another holder of at least 25% of the voting rights in the company. Similarly, the Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares in a public company must be made by means of a tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company, if there is no other shareholder of the company who holds more than 45% of the voting rights in the company.

These requirements do not apply if the acquisition (i) occurs in the context of a private placement, provided that the general meeting approved the acquisition as a private offering whose purpose is to give the acquirer at least 25% of the voting rights in the company if there is no person who holds at least 25% of the voting rights in the company, or as a private offering whose purpose is to give the acquirer 45% of the voting rights in the company, if there is no person who holds 45% of the voting rights in the company, (ii) was from a shareholder holding at least 25% of the voting rights in the company and resulted in the acquirer becoming a holder of at least 25% of the voting rights in the company, or (iii) was from a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company and resulted in the acquirer becoming a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company.

The special tender offer may be consummated only if (i) at least 5% of the voting power attached to the company’s outstanding shares will be acquired by the offeror and (ii) the special tender offer is accepted by a majority of the votes of those offerees who gave notice of their position in respect of the offer, excluding the votes of a holder of control in the offeror, a person who has personal interest in acceptance of the special tender offer, holders of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company or anyone on their behalf, including their relatives and entities controlled by them.

In the event that a special tender offer is made, a company’s board of directors is required to express its opinion on the advisability of the offer, or shall abstain from expressing any opinion if it is unable to do so, provided that it gives the reasons for its abstention. In addition, the board of directors must disclose any personal interest each member of the board of directors has in the offer or stems therefrom. An office holder in a target company who, in his or her capacity as an office holder, performs an action the purpose of which is to cause the failure of an existing or foreseeable special tender offer or is to impair the chances of its acceptance, is liable to the potential purchaser and shareholders for damages resulting from his or her acts, unless such office holder acted in good faith and had reasonable grounds to believe he or she was acting for the benefit of the company. However, office holders of the target company may negotiate with the potential purchaser in order to improve the terms of the special tender offer, and may further negotiate with third parties in order to obtain a competing offer.

If a special tender offer was accepted by a majority of the shareholders who announced their stand on such offer, then shareholders who did not respond to the special tender offer or had objected to the offer may accept the offer within four days of the last day set for the acceptance of the offer.

In the event that a special tender offer is accepted, then the purchaser or any person or entity controlling it or under common control with the purchaser or such controlling person or entity shall refrain from making a subsequent tender offer for the purchase of shares of the target company and cannot execute a merger with the target company for a period of one year from the date of the offer, unless the purchaser or such person or entity undertook to effect such an offer or merger in the initial special tender offer.

Borrowing Powers

Pursuant to the Companies Law and our amended and restated articles of association, our Board of Directors may, from time to time, raise or borrow or secure the payment of any sum or sums of money for the purposes of the Company. The Company, by resolution of the Board of Directors, may also raise or secure the payment or repayment of such sum or sums in such manner and upon such terms and conditions in all respects as it deems fit, and in particular by the issue of debentures or debenture stock of the Company charged upon all or any part of the property of the Company (both present and future) including its unissued and/or its uncalled authorized capital for the time being.

The Company may, from time to time, by resolution of the Board of Directors, borrow funds or guarantee and/or provide securities for the payment of any sum by Company or by any other third party. Furthermore, the Company may, by resolution of the Board of Directors, borrow or secure the payment of such sums in the manner and under the conditions as it deems fit, whether by means of issuing debt Securities, whether against a floating charge on all or a portion of the Company’s assets, whether owned at such time or in the future, including capital not yet called, against liens or other security interests of any kind. Any debt Securities may be issued at a discount or a premium or in any other matter and on such terms and conditions that the Board of Directors deems appropriate, including with conversion, redemption or allotment rights.

Changes in Capital

Our amended and restated articles of association enable us to increase or reduce our share capital. Any such changes are subject to Israeli law and must be approved by a resolution duly passed by our shareholders at a general meeting by voting on such change in the capital. In addition, transactions that have the effect of reducing capital, such as the declaration and payment of dividends in the absence of sufficient retained earnings or profits, require the approval of both our board of directors and an Israeli court.

Transfer Agent and Registrar

The transfer agent and registrar for our ordinary shares is Vstock Transfer, LLC. Its address is 18 Lafayette Place Woodmere, New York 11598, and its telephone number is (212) 828-8436.

C. Material Contracts

The following are summary descriptions of certain material agreements to which we are a party. The descriptions provided below do not purport to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by the complete agreements, which are attached as exhibits to this annual report on Form 20-F.

For a description of our material agreements relating to our strategic collaborations and research arrangements and other material agreements, please refer to “Item 4 B. — Business Overview — Research and Development Agreements, License Agreements and Material Contracts”.

Employment Agreements

See “Item 6 B. — Compensation — Employment Agreements and Arrangements with Directors and Related Parties.”

Loans, Convertible Loans and Private Placements

Please refer to Note 8 and Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements appear elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F for information regarding our loans and convertible loans and sale of equity, respectively.

Share Exchange Agreement with Digiflex

On December 3, 2017, we entered into a Share Exchange Agreement with Digiflex according to which the Digiflex shareholders, representing the entire share capital of Digiflex on a fully diluted basis, sold to and exchanged with us all shares of Digiflex which they held in consideration for our ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.01 (approximately $0.003) per share at a conversion rate of 33.698 shares of Digiflex for each share of the Company.

Digiflex offers a number of key printer technologies and inks which we believe may allow us to expand our “Complete Solution Approach” for our customers. As a result, we would have the unique ability to support additive digital printing design, prototyping and mass production of electronic devices, such as PCBs, all in one. We believe this approach will be very attractive to customers, especially when coupling it with our cost-efficient and mass production compatible line of Sicrys™ silver and copper conductive inks. Historically, Digiflex printers have been used for low volume printing. We are in the process of adapting these printers to serve the electronics market and to be compatible with our Sicrys™ inks, as well as adapting the non-conductive polymeric inks developed by Digiflex so that they could be utilized in the printing of full PCBs.

Share Exchange Agreement with Jet CU

On July 26, 2020, we consummated the acquisition of 100% of the shares of Jet CU, a company that was incorporated in Israel in May 2014 and was inactive on the purchase date since its operational assets were sold a few years before. The main balance sheet items as of the purchase date were cash and liability to the Authority of approximately $0.8 million and approximately $1.0 million, respectively. We issued 2,000,000 ordinary shares and warrants to purchase 8,000,000 ordinary shares, at an exercise price of $0.26 per share as a consideration for the purchase. The warrants exercisable until the date which is the earlier of (i) 24 months as of the purchase date or (ii) Merger/Acquisition transaction or an IPO.

D. Exchange Controls.

There are no Israeli government laws, decrees or regulations that restrict or that affect our export or import of capital or the remittance of dividends, interest or other payments to non-resident holders of our securities, including the availability of cash and cash equivalents for use by us and our wholly-owned subsidiaries, except for ownership by nationals of certain countries that are, or have been, declared as enemies of Israel or otherwise as set forth under “Item 10 E. — Taxation.”

E. Taxation

Certain Israeli Tax Considerations

The following is a brief summary of the material Israeli income tax laws applicable to us. This summary does not discuss all the aspects of Israeli tax law that may be relevant to a particular investor in light of his or her personal investment circumstances or to some types of investors subject to special treatment under Israeli law. Examples of this kind of investor include residents of Israel or investors in securities who are subject to special tax regimes not covered in this discussion. To the extent that the discussion is based on new tax legislation that has not yet been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, we cannot assure you that the appropriate tax authorities or the courts will accept the views expressed in this discussion. This summary is based on laws and regulations in effect as of the date hereof and does not take into account possible future amendments which may be under consideration.

General Corporate Tax Structure in Israel

Israeli resident companies are generally subject to corporate tax. In 2018 and thereafter the corporate tax rate is 23% of their taxable income. The corporate tax rate for 2017 was 24%. However, the effective tax rate payable by a company that derives income from an Approved Enterprise, a Preferred Enterprise, a Beneficiary Enterprise or a Technology Enterprise (as discussed below) may be considerably less.

Capital gains derived by an Israeli resident company are generally subject to corporate tax rate.

Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 5729-1969

The Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 5729-1969, which we refer to as the Industry Encouragement Law, provides several tax benefits for “Industrial Company,” which is defined as Israeli resident-company incorporated in Israel, of which 90% or more of its income in any tax year, other than income from certain government loans, is derived from an “Industrial Enterprise” that it owns and located in Israel or in the “Area”, in accordance with the definition in section 3a of the Ordinance. An “Industrial Enterprise” is defined as an enterprise which is held by an Industrial Company whose principal activity in a given tax year is industrial production. Eligibility for benefits under the Industry Encouragement Law is not contingent upon approval of any governmental authority.

The following corporate tax benefits, among others, are available to Industrial Companies:

We believe that we currently qualify as an “Industrial Company” within the meaning of the Industry Encouragement Law. There can be no assurance that we will qualify as an industrial company or that the benefits described above will be available in the future.

Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959

The Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959, generally referred to as the Investment Law, provides certain incentives for capital investments in production facilities (or other eligible assets). Generally, an investment program that is implemented in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law, is entitled to benefits. These benefits may include cash grants from the Israeli government and tax benefits, based upon, among other things, the geographic location in Israel of the facility in which the investment and manufacture activity are made. In order to qualify for these incentives, an Approved Enterprise, a Beneficiary Enterprise, a Preferred Enterprise or a Technology Enterprise is required to comply with the requirements of the Investment Law.

The Investment Law was significantly amended effective as of April 1, 2005 (the “2005 Amendment”), as of January 1, 2011 (the “2011 Amendment”) and as of January 1, 2017 (the “2017 Amendment”). Pursuant to the 2005 Amendment, tax benefits granted in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law prior to its revision by the 2005 Amendment remain in force but any benefits granted subsequently are subject to the provisions of the amended Investment Law. Similarly, the 2011 Amendment introduced new benefits to replace those granted in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law in effect prior to the 2011 Amendment. However, companies entitled to benefits under the Investment Law as in effect prior to January 1, 2011 were entitled to choose to continue to enjoy such benefits, provided that certain conditions are met, or elect instead, irrevocably, to forego such benefits and have the benefits of the 2011 Amendment apply. The 2017 Amendment introduces new benefits for Technological Enterprises, alongside the existing tax benefits.

The following discussion is a summary of the Investment Law following its recent amendments:

Tax Benefits under the 2011 Amendment

The 2011 Amendment canceled the availability of the benefits granted to Industrial Companies under the Investment Law prior to 2011 and, instead, introduced new benefits for income generated by a “Preferred Company” through its “Preferred Enterprise” (as such terms are defined in the Investment Law) as of January 1, 2011. The definition of a Preferred Company includes a company incorporated in Israel that is not fully owned by a governmental entity, and that has, among other things, Preferred Enterprise status and is controlled and managed from Israel. Pursuant to the 2011 Amendment, a Preferred Company is entitled to a reduced corporate tax rate of 15% with respect to its income derived by its Preferred Enterprise in 2011 and 2012, unless the Preferred Enterprise is located in a specified development zone, in which case the rate will be 10%. Under the 2011 Amendment, such corporate tax rate was reduced from 15% and 10%, respectively, to 12.5% and 7%, respectively, in 2013, 16% and 9% respectively, in 2014, 2015 and 2016, and 16% and 7.5%, respectively, in 2017 and thereafter. Income derived by a Preferred Company from a “Special Preferred Enterprise” (as such term is defined in the Investment Law) would be entitled, during a benefits period of 10 years, to further reduced tax rates of 8%, or 5% if the Special Preferred Enterprise is located in a certain development zone. As of January 1, 2017, the definition for ‘Special Preferred Enterprise’ includes less stringent conditions. The tax benefits under the 2011 Amendment also include accelerated depreciation and amortization for tax purposes.

As of January 1, 2014, dividends distributed from income which is attributed to a “Preferred Enterprise” or to a Special Preferred Enterprise will be subject to withholding tax at source at the following rates: (i) Israeli resident corporations – 0%, (although, if such dividends are subsequently distributed to individuals or a non-Israeli company, withholding tax at a rate of 20% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty will apply (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate)) (ii) Israeli resident individuals – 20% (iii) non-Israeli residents (individuals and corporations) - 20%, subject to a reduced tax rate under the provisions of an applicable double tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate). In 2017-2019 dividends paid out of preferred income attributed to a Special Preferred Enterprise, directly to a foreign parent company, are subject to withholding tax at source at the rate of 5% (temporary provisions).

Currently, we are not entitled to receive the tax benefits described above and there can be no assurance that we will be entitled to receive such benefits at any time in the future. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that even if in the future we meet the relevant requirements for such tax benefits, that such tax benefits will be available to us at all.

New Tax benefits under the 2017 Amendment that became effective on January 1, 2017

The 2017 Amendment was enacted as part of the Economic Efficiency Law that was published on December 29, 2016, and is effective as of January 1, 2017. The 2017 Amendment provides new tax benefits for two types of “Technology Enterprises”, as described below, and is in addition to the other existing tax beneficial programs under the Investment Law.

The 2017 Amendment provides that a technology company satisfying certain conditions will qualify as a “Preferred Technology Enterprise” and will thereby enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 12% on income that qualifies as “Preferred Technology Income”, as defined in the Investment Law. The tax rate is further reduced to 7.5% for a Preferred Technology Enterprise located in development zone “A”. In addition, a Preferred Technology Company will enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 12% on capital gain derived from the sale of certain “Benefitted Intangible Assets” (as defined in the Investment Law) to a related foreign company if the Benefitted Intangible Assets were acquired from a foreign company on or after January 1, 2017 for at least NIS 200 million (approximately $53 million), and the sale receives prior approval from the National Authority for Technological Authority (previously known as the Israeli Office of the Chief Scientist), referred to as the IIA.

The 2017 Amendment further provides that a technology company satisfying certain conditions will qualify as a “Special Preferred Technology Enterprise” and will thereby enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 6% on “Preferred Technology Income” regardless of the company’s geographic location within Israel. In addition, a Special Preferred Technology Enterprise will enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 6% on capital gain derived from the sale of certain “Benefitted Intangible Assets” to a related foreign company if the Benefitted Intangible Assets were either developed by the Special Preferred Technology Enterprise or acquired from a foreign company on or after January 1, 2017, and the sale received prior approval from IIA. A Special Preferred Technology Enterprise that acquires Benefitted Intangible Assets from a foreign company for more than NIS 500 million (approximately $144 million) will be eligible for these benefits for at least ten years, subject to certain approvals as specified in the Investment Law.

Dividends distributed by a Preferred Technology Enterprise or a Special Preferred Technology Enterprise, paid out of Preferred Technology Income, are generally subject to withholding tax at source at the rate of 20% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate). However, if such dividends are paid to an Israeli company, no tax is required to be withheld (although, if such dividends are subsequently distributed from such Israeli company to individuals or a non-Israeli company, withholding tax at a rate of 20% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty will apply). If such dividends are distributed to a foreign company and other conditions are met, the withholding tax rate will be 4% (or a lower rate under a tax treaty, if applicable, subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate).

Currently, we are not entitled to receive the tax benefits described above and there can be no assurance that we will be entitled to receive such benefits at any time in the future. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that even if in the future we meet the relevant requirements for such tax benefits, that such tax benefits will be available to us at all

Capital Gains Taxes Applicable to Non-Israeli Resident Shareholders.

Israeli capital gains tax is imposed on the disposal of capital assets by a non-Israeli resident if such assets are either (i) located in Israel; (ii) shares or rights to shares in an Israeli resident company, or (iii) represent, directly or indirectly, rights to assets located in Israel, unless a specific exemption is available or unless a tax treaty between Israel and the seller’s country of residence provides otherwise. Capital gain is generally subject to tax at the corporate tax rate (23% in 2018 and thereafter), if generated by a company, or at the rate of 25% if generated by an individual, or 30% in the case of sale of shares by a Substantial Shareholder (i.e., a person who holds, directly or indirectly, alone or together with such person’s relative or another person who collaborates with such person on a permanent basis, 10% or more of any of the company’s “means of control” (including, among other things, the right to receive profits of the company, voting rights, the right to receive proceeds upon liquidation and the right to appoint a director)) at the time of sale or at any time during the preceding 12-month period. Individual and corporate shareholders dealing in securities in Israel are taxed at the tax rates applicable to business income (a corporate tax rate for a corporation and a marginal tax rate of up to 47% for an individual in 2019) unless the benefiting provisions of an applicable treaty applies.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, a non-Israeli resident (individual or corporation) who derives capital gains from the sale of shares in an Israeli resident company that were purchased after the company was listed for trading on a recognized stock exchange in Israel or outside of Israel will generally be exempt from Israeli tax so long as the shares were not held through a permanent establishment that the non-resident maintains in Israel (and with respect to shares listed on a recognized stock exchange outside of Israel, so long as neither the shareholder nor the particular capital gain is otherwise subject to the Israeli Income Tax Law (Inflationary Adjustments) 5745-1985). However, non-Israeli corporations will not be entitled to the foregoing exemption if Israeli residents: (i) have a controlling interest of more than 25% in such non-Israeli corporation or (ii) are the beneficiaries of, or are entitled to, 25% or more of the revenues or profits of such non-Israeli corporation, whether directly or indirectly. These provisions dealing with capital gain are not applicable to a person whose gains from selling or otherwise disposing of the shares are deemed to be business income.

Additionally, a sale of shares by a non-Israeli resident may be exempt from Israeli capital gains tax under the provisions of an applicable tax treaty. For example, under the United States-Israel Tax Treaty, the sale, exchange or other disposition of shares of an Israeli company by a shareholder who (i) is a U.S. resident (for purposes of the treaty), (ii) holds the shares as a capital asset, and (iii) is entitled to claim the benefits afforded to such person by the treaty, is generally exempt from Israeli capital gains tax. Such exemption will not apply if: (i) the capital gain arising from such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to real estate located in Israel; (ii) the capital gain arising from such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to royalties; (iii) the capital gain arising from the sale, exchange or disposition that can be attributed to a permanent establishment of the shareholder that is maintained in Israel under certain terms; (iv) the shareholder holds, directly or indirectly, shares representing 10% or more of the voting rights during any part of the 12-month period preceding such sale exchange or other disposition, subject to certain conditions; or (v) such U.S. resident is an individual and was present in Israel for a period or periods aggregating to 183 days or more during the relevant taxable year. In any such case, the sale, exchange or disposition of our ordinary shares would be subject to Israeli tax, to the extent applicable; however, under the United States-Israel Tax Treaty, a U.S. resident would be permitted to claim a credit for such taxes against the U.S. federal income tax imposed with respect to such sale, exchange or disposition, subject to the limitations under U.S. law applicable to foreign tax credits. The United States-Israel Tax Treaty does not relate to U.S. state or local taxes.

In some instances where our shareholders may be liable for Israeli tax on the sale of their ordinary shares, the payment of the consideration may be subject to the withholding of Israeli tax at source. Shareholders may be required to demonstrate that they are exempt from tax on their capital gains in order to avoid withholding at source at the time of sale. Specifically, in transactions involving a sale of all of the shares of an Israeli resident company, such as a merger or other transaction, the Israel Tax Authority may require from shareholders who are not liable for Israeli tax to sign declarations in forms specified by that authority or obtain a specific exemption from the Israel Tax Authority to confirm their status as non-Israeli residents, and, in the absence of such declarations or exemptions, may require the purchaser of the shares to withhold taxes at source.

Taxation of Non-Israeli Shareholders on Receipt of Dividends.

Non-Israeli residents (whether individuals or corporations) are generally subject to Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends paid on our ordinary shares at the rate of 25% or 30% (if the recipient is a Substantial Shareholder at the time of receiving the dividend or at any time during the preceding 12 months) or 15% if the dividend is distributed from income attributed to a Benefited Enterprise and 20% with respect to a Preferred Enterprise, subject to certain conditions. Such dividends are generally subject to Israeli withholding tax at a rate of 25% so long as the shares are registered with a nominee company (whether the recipient is a Substantial Shareholder or not) and 15% if the dividend is distributed from income attributed to a Benefited Enterprise or 20% if the dividend is distributed from income attributed to an Preferred Enterprise, unless a reduced rate is provided under an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate).

For example, under the United States-Israel Tax Treaty, the maximum rate of tax withheld at source in Israel on dividends paid to a holder of our ordinary shares who is a U.S. resident (for purposes of the United States-Israel Tax Treaty) is 25%. However, generally, the maximum rate of withholding tax for dividends not generated by a Benefited Enterprise and paid to a U.S. corporation holding 10% or more of the outstanding voting rights from the start of the tax year preceding the distribution of the dividend through (and including) the distribution of the dividend, is 12.5%, provided that not more than 25% of the gross income for such preceding year consists of certain types of dividends and interest. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a distribution of dividends to non-Israeli residents is subject to withholding tax at source at a rate of 15% if the dividend is distributed from income attributed to a Benefited Enterprise for such U.S. corporation shareholder, provided that the condition related to our gross income for the previous year (as set forth in the previous sentence) is met. U.S. residents who are subject to Israeli withholding tax on a dividend may be entitled to a credit or deduction for United States federal income tax purposes in the amount of the taxes withheld, subject to detailed rules contained in U.S. tax legislation.

If the dividend is attributable partly to income derived from a Benefited Enterprise or a Preferred Enterprise, and partly from other sources of income, the withholding rate will be a blended rate reflecting the relative portions of the two types of income.

Estate and Gift Tax.

Israeli law presently does not impose estate or gift taxes.

Excess Tax.

Beginning on January 1, 2013, an additional tax liability at the rate of 2% was added to the applicable tax rate on the annual taxable income of individuals (whether any such individual is an Israeli resident or non-Israeli resident) exceeding a certain level, including, but not limited to, dividends, interest and capital gain. Pursuant to new legislation enacted recently, such tax rate was increased to 3% on annual income exceeding NIS 641,880 in 2018 and NIS 649,560 in 2019 (which amounts are linked to the annual change in the Israeli consumer price index).

U.S. Federal Income Taxation

The following is a description of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders (as defined below) of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. This description addresses only the U.S. federal income tax consequences to purchasers of our ordinary shares and that will hold such ordinary shares as capital assets. This description does not address tax considerations applicable to holders that may be subject to special tax rules, including, without limitation:

Moreover, this description does not address the United States federal estate, gift, alternative minimum tax or net investment income tax consequences, or any state, local or non-U.S. tax consequences, of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares.

This description is based on the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, existing, proposed and temporary U.S. Treasury Regulations and judicial and administrative interpretations thereof, in each case as in effect and available on the date hereof. Each of the foregoing is subject to change, which change could apply retroactively and could affect the tax consequences described below. There can be no assurances that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service will not take a different position concerning the tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares or that such a position would not be sustained.

For purposes of this description, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, is:

If a partnership (or any other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in such partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Such a partner or partnership should consult its tax advisor as to its tax consequences.

You should consult your tax advisor with respect to the U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of acquiring, owning and disposing of our ordinary shares.

Distributions

Subject to the discussion below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” if you are a U.S. Holder, the gross amount of any distribution that we pay you with respect to our ordinary shares before reduction for any non-U.S. taxes withheld therefrom generally will be includible in your income as dividend income to the extent such distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. To the extent that the amount of any cash distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, it will be treated first as a tax free return of your adjusted tax basis in our ordinary shares and thereafter as capital gain. We do not expect to maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles. Therefore, if you are a U.S. Holder, you should expect that the entire amount of any cash distribution generally will be reported as dividend income to you; provided, however, that distributions of ordinary shares to U.S. Holders that are part of a pro rata distribution to all of our shareholders generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax. Non-corporate U.S. Holders may qualify for the lower rates of taxation with respect to dividends on ordinary shares applicable to long term capital gains (i.e., gains from the sale of capital assets held for more than one year), provided that certain conditions are met, including certain holding period requirements and the absence of certain risk reduction transactions. Moreover, such reduced rate shall not apply if we are a PFIC for the taxable year in which it pays a dividend or were a PFIC for the preceding taxable year. Dividends will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction generally allowed to corporate U.S. Holders.

If you are a U.S. Holder, subject to the discussion below, dividends that we pay you with respect to our ordinary shares will be treated as foreign source income, which may be relevant in calculating your foreign tax credit limitation. Subject to certain conditions and limitations, non-U.S. tax withheld on dividends may be deducted from your taxable income or credited against your U.S. federal income tax liability. The limitation on foreign taxes eligible for credit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. For this purpose, dividends that we distribute generally should constitute “passive category income,” or, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, “general category income.” A foreign tax credit for foreign taxes imposed on distributions may be denied if you do not satisfy certain minimum holding period requirements. The rules relating to the determination of the foreign tax credit are complex, and you should consult your tax advisor to determine whether and to what extent you will be entitled to this credit.

Although, as discussed above, dividends that we pay to a U.S. Holder will generally be treated as foreign source income, for periods in which we are a “United States-owned foreign corporation,” a portion of dividends paid by us may be treated as U.S. source income solely for purposes of the foreign tax credit. We would be treated as a United States-owned foreign corporation if 50% or more of the total value or total voting power of our stock is owned, directly, indirectly or by attribution, by United States persons. To the extent any portion of our dividends is treated as U.S. source income pursuant to this rule, the ability of a U.S. Holder to claim a foreign tax credit for any Israeli withholding taxes payable in respect of our dividends may be limited. A U.S. Holder entitled to benefits under the United States-Israel Tax Treaty may, however, elect to treat any dividends as foreign source income for foreign tax credit purposes if the dividend income is separated from other income items for purposes of calculating the U.S. Holder’s foreign tax credit. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors about the impact of, and any exception available to, the special sourcing rule described in this paragraph, and the desirability of making, and the method of making, such an election.

The amount of any dividend income paid in NIS will be the U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of receipt, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, you should not be required to recognize exchange gain or loss in respect of the dividend income. You may have exchange gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt. Exchange gain or loss will be treated as U.S.-source ordinary income or loss.

Sale, Exchange or Other Disposition of Ordinary Shares

Subject to the discussion below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” if you are a U.S. Holder, you generally will recognize an amount of gain or loss on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares equal to the difference between the amount realized on such sale, exchange or other disposition and your tax basis in our ordinary shares, and such gain or loss will be capital gain or loss. The tax basis in an ordinary share generally will equal the U.S. dollar cost of such ordinary share. If you are a non-corporate U.S. Holder, capital gain from the sale, exchange or other disposition of ordinary shares generally will be eligible for a preferential rate of taxation applicable to capital gains, if your holding period for such ordinary shares exceeds one year. The deductibility of capital losses for U.S. federal income tax purposes is subject to limitations under the Code. Any such gain or loss that a U.S. Holder recognizes generally will be treated as U.S. source income or loss for foreign tax credit limitation purposes.

If an Israeli tax is imposed on the sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares, your amount realized will include the gross amount of the proceeds of the sale or other disposition before deduction of the Israeli tax. Because your gain from the sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares will generally be U.S.-source gain, and you may use foreign tax credits to offset only the portion of U.S. federal income tax liability that is attributable to foreign source income, you may be unable to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to the Israeli tax, if any, on gains. You should consult your tax adviser as to whether the Israeli tax on gains may be creditable against your U.S. federal income tax on foreign-source income from other sources.

Passive Foreign Investment Company

In general, a non-U.S. corporation will be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year in which either (i) at least 75% of its gross income is “passive income,” or (ii) on average at least 50% of its assets by value produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, certain dividends, interest, royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions and from the sale or exchange of property that gives rise to passive income. Passive income also includes amounts derived by reason of the temporary investment of funds, including those raised in a public offering. Assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income include cash, even if held as working capital or raised in a public offering, marketable securities and other assets that may produce passive income. In determining whether a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC, a proportionate share of the income and assets of each corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is taken into account.

A foreign corporation’s PFIC status is an annual determination that is based on tests that are factual in nature, and our status for any year will depend on the corporation’s income, assets, and activities for such year. We have not determined whether we have been a PFIC for any previous year prior to 2019. Also we cannot assure that we will not be considered a PFIC for 2019, based on our estimation, we do not expect to be a PFIC for the 2019 tax year. We did not conduct an analysis whether we will be a PFIC in 2020 or in any future years.

U.S. Holders should be aware of certain tax consequences of investing directly or indirectly in us due to our classification as a PFIC. A U.S. Holder is subject to different rules depending on whether the U.S. Holder makes an election to treat us as a “qualified electing fund,” referred to herein as a “QEF election,” for the first taxable year that the U.S. Holder holds ordinary shares makes a “mark-to-market” election with respect to the ordinary shares, or makes neither election.

QEF Election. One way in which certain of the adverse consequences of PFIC status can be mitigated is for a U.S. Holder make a QEF election. Generally, a shareholder making the QEF election is required for each taxable year to include in income a pro rata share of the ordinary earnings and net capital gain of the QEF, subject to a separate election to defer payment of taxes, which deferral is subject to an interest charge. An election to treat us as a QEF will not be available if we do not provide the information necessary to make such an election. It is not expected that a U.S. Holder will be able to make a QEF election because we do not intend to provide U.S. Holders with the information necessary to make a QEF election.

Mark-to-Market Election. Alternatively, if our ordinary shares are treated as “marketable stock,” a U.S. Holder would be allowed to make a “mark-to-market” election with respect to our ordinary shares, provided the U.S. Holder completes and files IRS Form 8621 in accordance with the relevant instructions and related Treasury Regulations. If that election is made, the U.S. Holder generally would include as ordinary income in each taxable year the excess, if any, of the fair market value of our ordinary shares at the end of the taxable year over such holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ordinary shares. The U.S. Holder would also be permitted an ordinary loss in respect of the excess, if any, of the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in our ordinary shares over their fair market value at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. A U.S. Holder’s tax basis in our ordinary shares would be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amount. Gain realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares would be treated as ordinary income, and any loss realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares would be treated as ordinary loss to the extent that such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included in income by the U.S. Holder, and any loss in excess of such amount will be treated as capital loss. Amounts treated as ordinary income will not be eligible for the favorable tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income or long-term capital gains.

A mark-to-market election will not apply to our ordinary shares held by a U.S. Holder for any taxable year during which we are not a PFIC, but will remain in effect with respect to any subsequent taxable year in which we become a PFIC. Such election will not apply to any PFIC subsidiary that we own.

Generally, stock will be considered marketable stock if it is “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange” within the meaning of applicable Treasury Regulations. A class of stock is regularly traded on an exchange during any calendar year during which such class of stock is traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. To be marketable stock, our ordinary shares must be regularly traded on a qualifying exchange (i) in the United States that is registered with the SEC or a national market system established pursuant to the Exchange Act or (ii) outside the United States that is properly regulated and meets certain trading, listing, financial disclosure and other requirements. Since our ordinary shares are quoted only on the OTC Pink, they may not currently qualify as marketable stock for purposes of the election and therefore the election may not be available to a U.S. Holder. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability and tax consequences of a mark-to-market election in respect to our ordinary shares under their particular circumstances.

Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax adviser with respect to the applicability of the “net investment income tax” (discussed below) where a mark-to-market election is in effect.

Default PFIC Rules. A U.S. Holder who does not make a timely QEF election (we do not currently intend to prepare or provide the information that would enable a U.S. Holder to make a QEF election) or a mark-to-market election, referred to in this summary as a “Non-Electing U.S. Holder,” will be subject to special rules with respect to (i) any “excess distribution” (generally, the portion of any distributions received by the Non-Electing U.S. Holder on the ordinary shares in a taxable year in excess of 125% of the average annual distributions received by the Non-Electing U.S. Holder in the three preceding taxable years, or, if shorter, the Non-Electing U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of such ordinary shares. Under these rules:

If a Non-Electing U.S. Holder who is an individual dies while owning our ordinary shares, the Non-Electing U.S. Holder’s successor would be ineligible to receive a step-up in tax basis of such ordinary shares. Non-Electing U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the “net investment income tax” (described below) to their specific situation.

To the extent a distribution on our ordinary shares does not constitute an excess distribution to a Non-Electing U.S. Holder, such Non-Electing U.S. Holder generally will be required to include the amount of such distribution in gross income as a dividend to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that are not allocated to excess distributions. The tax consequences of such distributions are discussed above under “Item 10 E. — Taxation — Taxation of U.S. Holders — Distributions”. Each U.S. Holder is encouraged to consult its own tax advisor with respect to the appropriate U.S. federal income tax treatment of any distribution on our ordinary shares.

If we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during the holding period of a Non-Electing U.S. Holder, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which the Non-Electing U.S. Holder is treated as a direct or indirect Non-Electing U.S. Holder even if we are not a PFIC for such years. A U.S. Holder is encouraged to consult its tax advisor with respect to any available elections that may be applicable in such a situation, including the “deemed sale” election of Code Section 1298(b)(1) (which will be taxed under the adverse tax rules described above).

We may invest in the equity of foreign corporations that are PFICs or may own subsidiaries that own PFICs. If we are classified as a PFIC, under attribution rules, U.S. Holders will be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to their indirect ownership interests in such PFICs, such that a disposition of the ordinary shares of the PFIC or receipt by us of a distribution from the PFIC generally will be treated as a deemed disposition of such ordinary shares or the deemed receipt of such distribution by the U.S. Holder, subject to taxation under the PFIC rules. There can be no assurance that a U.S. Holder will be able to make a QEF election, and a U.S. Holder may not make a mark-to-market election, with respect to PFICs in which we invest. Each U.S. Holder is encouraged to consult its own tax advisor with respect to tax consequences of an investment by us in a corporation that is a PFIC.

In addition, U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the IRS information reporting and filing obligations that may arise as a result of the ownership of ordinary shares in a PFIC, including IRS Form 8621, Information Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund.

The U.S. federal income tax rules relating to PFICs elections are complex. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors with respect to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, any elections available with respect to such ordinary shares and the IRS information reporting obligations with respect to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares.

Certain Reporting Requirements

Certain U.S. Investors are required to file IRS Form 926, Return by U.S. Transferor of Property to a Foreign Corporation, and certain U.S. Investors may be required to file IRS Form 5471, Information Return of U.S. Persons With Respect to Certain Foreign Corporations, reporting transfers of cash or other property to us and information relating to the U.S. Investor and us. Substantial penalties may be imposed upon a U.S. Investor that fails to comply.

In addition, certain U.S. Investors are required to report information on IRS Form 8938 with respect to their investments in certain “foreign financial assets,” which would include an investment in our ordinary shares, to the IRS.

Investors who fail to report required information could become subject to substantial civil and criminal penalties. U.S. Investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the possible implications of these reporting requirements and any other applicable reporting requirement with respect to their investment in and ownership of our ordinary shares.

Disclosure of Reportable Transactions

If a U.S. Investor sells or disposes of the ordinary shares at a loss or otherwise incurs certain losses that meet certain thresholds, such U.S. Investor may be required to file a disclosure statement with the IRS. Failure to comply with these and other reporting requirements could result in the imposition of significant penalties.

Backup Withholding Tax and Information Reporting Requirements

Generally, information reporting requirements will apply to distributions on our ordinary shares or proceeds on the disposition of our ordinary shares paid within the United States (and, in certain cases, outside the United States) to U.S. Investors other than certain exempt recipients, such as corporations. Furthermore, backup withholding (currently at 28%) may apply to such amounts if the U.S. Investor fails to (i) provide a correct taxpayer identification number, (ii) report interest and dividends required to be shown on its U.S. federal income tax return, or (iii) make other appropriate certifications in the required manner. U.S. Investors who are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide such certification on IRS Form W-9.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding from a payment may be credited against a U.S. Investor’s U.S. federal income tax liability and such U.S. Investor may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information in a timely manner.

Medicare Tax on Investment Income

Certain U.S. persons, including individuals, estates and trusts, will be subject to an additional 3.8% Medicare tax, or “net investment income tax,” on unearned income. For individuals, the additional net investment income tax applies to the lesser of (i) “net investment income” or (ii) the excess of “modified adjusted gross income” over $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly or $125,000 if married and filing separately). “Net investment income” generally equals the taxpayer’s gross investment income reduced by the deductions that are allocable to such income. Investment income generally includes passive income such as interest, dividends, annuities, royalties, rents, and capital gains. U.S. Investors are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the implications of the additional net investment income tax resulting from their ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares.

THIS SUMMARY OF MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES IS NOT TAX ADVICE. THE DETERMINATION OF THE ACTUAL TAX CONSEQUENCES FOR A U.S. HOLDER WILL DEPEND ON THE U.S. HOLDER’S SPECIFIC SITUATION. U.S. HOLDERS OF ORDINARY SHARES SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS AS TO THE TAX CONSEQUENCES OF ACQUIRING, OWNING AND DISPOSING OF OUR ORDINARY SHARES, INCLUDING THE APPLICABILITY AND EFFECT OF THE ALTERNATIVE MINIMUM TAX AND ANY STATE, LOCAL, FOREIGN OR OTHER TAX LAWS AND OF CHANGES IN THOSE LAWS.

F. Dividends and Paying Agents.

Not applicable.

G. Statements by Experts.

Not applicable.

H. Documents on Display.

You may read and copy this annual report on Form 20-F, including the related exhibits and schedules, and any document we file with the SEC through the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Furthermore, as a foreign private issuer, we are also not subject to the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not be required under the Exchange Act to file annual or other reports and consolidated financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. Instead, we must file with the SEC, within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, or such other applicable time as required by the SEC, an annual report on Form 20-F containing consolidated financial statements audited by an independent registered public accounting firm. We also intend to furnish certain other material information to the SEC under cover of Form 6-K.

We maintain a corporate website at www.pvnanocell.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report on Form 20-F. We have included our website address in this annual report on Form 20-F solely as an inactive textual reference.

I. Subsidiary Information.

We have three (3) wholly owned subsidiaries, Nano Size Ltd., a private company organized under the laws of the state of Israel which we acquired on December 31, 2009, Digiflex Ltd. (including its two wholly owned subsidiaries, one was dissolved in March 2019), which we acquired on December 3, 2017 and Jet CU, a private company organized under the laws of the state of Israel which we acquired on July 26, 2020.

ITEM 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position, results of operations or cash flows due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates, including interest rates and foreign exchange rates, of financial instruments.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Our foreign currency exposures give rise to market risk associated with exchange rate movements of the NIS mainly against the U.S. dollar because a large portion of our expenses are denominated in NIS. Our NIS expenses consist principally of payments made to employees, sub-contractors, professional services, other research and development activities and general and administrative activities. We anticipate that a large portion of our expenses will continue to be denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Our financial position, results of operations and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Our results of operations and cash flow are, therefore, subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and may be adversely affected in the future due to changes in foreign exchange rates. Approximately 75% of our expenses are denominated in NIS. Changes of 5% and 10% in the U.S. dollar to NIS exchange rate will increase/decrease our operation expenses by less than 3.8% and 7.5%, respectively. To date, fluctuations in the exchange rates have not materially affected our results of operations or financial condition for the periods under review.

To date, we have not engaged in hedging our foreign currency exchange risk. In the future, we may enter into formal currency hedging transactions to decrease the risk of financial exposure from fluctuations in the exchange rates of our principal operating currencies. These measures, however, may not adequately protect us from the material adverse effects of such fluctuations.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to interest rate risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to the interest income generated by excess cash invested in bank deposits. We have not used any derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio or for cash management purposes. Interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. We have not been exposed nor do we anticipate being exposed to material risks due to changes in interest rates. However, our future interest income may fall short of expectations due to changes in interest rates.

ITEM 12. Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities

A. Debt Securities.

Not applicable.

B. Warrants and Rights.

Not applicable.

C. Other Securities.

Not applicable.

D. American Depositary Shares.

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies.

All of the convertible loans received from GTRIMG and few from other lenders were required to be repaid by October 2020. GTRIMG and the other lenders did not exercise their conversion right under the convertible loans prior to their repayment date and therefore became repayable in cash as such time. We did not timely repay such loans due to financial difficulties and therefore we are currently in default under those agreements. For information with respect to those defaults, see Note 8 to the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.

ITEM 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds.

Not applicable.

ITEM 15. Controls and Procedures

(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure, and that such information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2019, pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act. Based upon this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2019 as a result of the material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting. These material weaknesses are discussed in “Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting” below. Our management considers our internal control over financial reporting to be an integral part of our disclosure controls and procedures.

(b) Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. In making our assessment, our management used the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). A material weakness, as defined by SEC rules, is a control deficiency, or combination of control deficiencies, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting that were identified (among other things) were: (i) significant parts of entity level controls are missing, (ii) lack of segregation of duties, (iii) controls’ effectiveness testing were predominantly not performed, inter alia, due to nonperformance of controls or absence of evidence for controls’ performance, and (iv) non-remediation of material weaknesses identified in prior years. Based on such assessment, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, our internal control over financial reporting is ineffective based on those criteria.

Due to lack of resources, during 2019, as in previous years, we were unable to implement in any material respect our remediation plans for the material weaknesses identified in prior years. We intend to take appropriate and reasonable steps (beyond few already taken such as (i) hiring an outsourced chief financial officer with significant U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting experience and (ii) establishing an Audit Committee and Compensation Committee. Ms. Orly Solomon, a member of each of these committees, serves as the Chairperson of each and has relevant U.S. GAAP accounting, SEC reporting and internal control experience) to make the necessary improvements to remediate these deficiencies, provided that we have the resources to implement them.

(c) Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm. This annual report on Form 20-F does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting because as long as we qualify as an “emerging growth company” filer under the Exchange Act.

(d) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, other than as described above, that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 16. [RESERVED]

ITEM 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert.

Our board has determined that Ms. Orly Solomon, who serves as the chairperson of our audit committee is an audit committee financial expert as defined by the SEC rules and has the requisite financial sophistication as defined by the Nasdaq Rules. Ms. Solomon is independent as such term is defined in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Exchange Act and under the Nasdaq Rules. For Ms. Solomon’s relevant experience, see “Item 6 A. — Directors and Senior Management”.

ITEM 16B. Code of Ethics.

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to all of our directors and employees, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, controller or principal accounting officer or other persons performing similar functions, which is a “code of ethics” as defined in Item 16B of Form 20-F promulgated by the SEC. Section 406(c) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act provides that a “code of ethics” means such standards as are reasonably necessary to promote (i) honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships; (ii) full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in the periodic reports required to be filed by the issuer; and (iii) compliance with applicable governmental rules and regulation.

The full text of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is posted on our website at www.pvnanocell.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report on Form 20-F and is not incorporated by reference herein. We will provide a copy of such Code of Business Conduct and Ethics without charge upon request by mail or by telephone. If we make any amendment to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or grant any waivers, including any implicit waiver, from a provision of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website to the extent required by the rules and regulations of the SEC.

ITEM 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer, a member of Ernst & Young Global, an independent registered public accounting firm, served as our independent public accountants for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, for which audited consolidated financial statements appear in this annual report on Form 20-F.

The following table presents the aggregate fees for professional services rendered by such accountants to us during their respective term as our principal accountants in 2019 and 2018.

Audit fees. Consist of aggregate fees billed for the audit of our annual consolidated financial statements. This category also includes services that the independent accountant generally provides, such as consents, assistance with, and review of documents filed with the SEC.

Audit-related fees. Consist of aggregate fees billed for assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit and are not reported under audit fees. These fees primarily include accounting consultations regarding the accounting treatment of matters that occur in the regular course of business, implications of new accounting pronouncements and other accounting issues that occur from time to time.

Tax fees. Consist of aggregate fees for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for tax compliance and tax advice on actual or contemplated transactions.

All other fees. Consist of aggregate fees billed for services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm with respect to government incentives and other matters.

Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

Our audit committee, established in February 2018, provides assistance to our board of directors in fulfilling its legal and fiduciary obligations in matters involving our accounting, auditing, financial reporting, internal control and legal compliance functions by pre-approving the services performed by our independent accountants and reviewing their reports regarding our accounting practices and systems of internal control over financial reporting. Our audit committee also oversees the audit efforts of our independent accountants and takes those actions that it deems necessary to satisfy itself that the accountants are independent of management. Our audit committee has authorized all auditing and non-auditing services provided by Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer during 2019 and 2018 and the fees paid for such services.

ITEM 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees.

Not applicable.

ITEM 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers.

Not applicable.

ITEM 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant.

Not applicable.

ITEM 16G. Corporate Governance.

Not applicable.

ITEM 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure.

Not applicable.

PART III

ITEM 17. Financial Statements

Not Applicable.

ITEM 18. Financial Statements.

Please refer to the consolidated financial statements beginning on page F-1. The following consolidated financial statements, its schedules and related notes are filed as part of this annual report on Form 20-F, together with the report of the independent registered public accounting firm.

P.V. NANO CELL LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2019

IN U.S. DOLLARS

INDEX

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACOUTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of

P.V. NANO CELL LTD.

Opinion on the Financial Statements 

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of P.V. Nano Cell Ltd. and its subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

The Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1b to the financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations, has a working capital deficiency, and has stated that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s evaluation of the events and conditions and management’s plans regarding these matters are also described in Note 1b. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. 

P.V. NANO CELL LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

U.S. dollars